Love in To His Coy Mistress, Shall I Compare Thee, Let Me Not, and The

Love in To His Coy Mistress, Shall I liken Thee, Let Me Not, and The FleaThe intravenous feeding poems I am going to be comparing argon, To His Coy Mistress,Shall I Compare Thee, Let Me Not, and The Flea. All four ofthese poems are found on the subject matter of love. The four poemshave a lot in common but each poem touches a different boldness of love.Two of the poems, Shall I Compare Thee, and Let Me Not, aresonnets and both were written by Shakespeare. To His Coy Mistress iswritten by Andrew Marvell and The Flea was written by John Donne.All four of the poems have three parts to them each posing a differentargument. I will be analysing and comparing the four poems in thepurpose of the poem, the nature of love, the effect of outsideinfluences on their love, the form of the poem and the techniques thepoets use convincingly. The main purpose of To His Coy Mistress is to persuade Marvellsmistress to consummate their relationship together, this is also thesame purpose of The Flea. The other purposes are to brag about howgood he is at writing this is shown in his arrogant style of writing.It is for seduction, a satire of legal persuasive speech and the finalpurpose is a varan of mortality, and they should seize the day. Italso says that the woman is rattling shy and that if they had all the arena but enough time so being shy is not a crime, this is shown inthe opening lines, Had we but world enough, and time, This coyness,Lady, were no crime. Phrases such as, amorous birds of prey, andtear our pleasures show that they consummate their relationship.Times wingd chariot hurrying near, is a reminder that death willsoon dawn upon then and so there is more reason ... ...hat he is a fantasticwriter.All four of the poems are very persuasive and are written effectivelyby the poets techniques. Shall I Compare Thee and Let Me Not areboth romantic and flatter the lady Shakespeare is writing for. Boththe sonnets make Shakespeares loved one seem extremely special andSha kespeare does it convincingly. To His Coy Mistress is humorous inplaces and maintains the politeness passim the poem. To His CoyMistress is also very persuasive and Marvell convinces his beloved toconsummate their relationship. The Flea is effective because a fleais so insignificant but the way the poet describes it makes it seem soimportant. All of the poems are very similar and definitely have manysimilarities between them, the main one is obviously love but they all parley about death being the main outside influence on their love.

Metaphysical Explanation for the Number Three :: Philosophy

Metaphysical Explanation for the Number ThreeWhat is the Number Three? When examining what select of humankind the number tether has, it is important first to understand exactly how it exists relevantly in the physical world. First of all, the primary existence of number third is not a tangible existence one push asidenot walk through the forest and find threes growth wild with beautiful, silky, burnt orange and maroon spy petals and green leaves. Second of all, the number three cannot do anything by itself to declare its own existence in the physical. Unlike air, gravity, or time, which are also intangible asset but still capable of certain physical actions such as wind, combustion (air), gravitational pull (gravity), or orbits (time), the number three does not throw off the physical properties necessary to be detected by the senses of any terrestrial being by itself. So, exactly how does the number three exist? Well, it has a co-dependent existence in order for three to exist, it requires something called units. Three exists as an application of units, and units can be any existing thing with physical properties. The units are what determine the face of existence three has. If the unit is another application such as five, six, or seven, or a variable (a variable occurs when the units arrangement or come up varies) such as X or Y, then the existence is not yet detectable this only creates another type of application or pattern that requires units with physical proprieties to be plugged into it in order to be detected through the senses in the real world. There are two ways that three can be used as an application to units it can be used in terms of quantitative measurement or it can be used in terms of sequences. Earlier I mentioned that you cannot walk through the forest and find threes growing wild. However, you can find three tiger lilies growing wild. The tiger lilies are the units and three is the application. This is an example of th ree applied as a quantitative measurement. In other words, three is the amount of tiger lilies growing. You can tell there are three tiger lilies if you count the first seen as one, the second as two, and then the third as three, and you see no other tiger lilies besides the ones counted.

Carl Orffs Philosophies In Music Education :: essays research papers

While Carl Orff is a very seminal composer of the 20th century, his greatest victory and influence has been in the field of euphony Education. Born on July10th in Munich, Ger more in 1895, Orff refused to speak about his past almostas if he were ashamed of it. What we do know, however, is that Orff camefrom a Bavarian family who was very active in the German military. Hisfathers regiment band would often play through some of the unexampled Orffs world-class attempts at composing. Although Orff was adamant about the secrecy ofhis past, Mosers Musik Lexicon says that he studied in the Munich Academy ofMusic until 1914. Orff then served in the military in the first world war.After the war, he held various positions in the Mannheim and Darmstadt operahouses then returned home to Munich to further study medication. In 1925, and forthe rest of his life, Orff was the head of a plane section and co-founder of theGuenther School for gymnastics, music, and dance in Munich w here(predicate ) he blend inedwith musical beginners. This is where he developed his Music Educationtheories. In 1937, Orffs Carmina Burana premiered in Frankfurt, Germany.Needless to say, it was a great supremacy. With the success of Carmina Burana,Orff orphaned all of his previous works except for Catulli Carmina and the Entrata which were rewritten to be acceptable by Orff.One of Orffs most admired composers was Monteverdi. In fact, much ofOrffs work was based on ancient material. Orff saidI am often asked why I nearly always select old material, fairy tales andlegends for my re-create works. I do not look upon them as old, but rather asvalid material. The time element disappears, and only the spiritual powerremains. My stallion interest is in the expression of spiritual realities. Iwrite for the theater in order to convey a spiritual attitude.1What Orff is trying to say here is that he does not use "old" material, butmaterial that is good enough to be used again. If one eliminates the factthat this material was written many years ago, then there is nothing to stopthat material from being any less legitimate in recent times.Orffs work in Music Education has been astounding. In the early 1920s,Orff worked with Mary Wigman. Wigman was a pupil of Emile Jaques-Dalcroze,another very influential name in Music Education. In fact, Orffs approachto music is very similar to Dalcrozes, but Orff focuses on education throughpercussion instruments. In 1924, Orff joined Dorthee Guenther and together

The Affliction in the Middle Ages :: Diseases Medical Health Essays

The Affliction in the Middle Ages Disease and death are most often associated with the Middle Ages because of the widespread plagues and ignorance of medical knowledge during that prison term period. It is difficult, however, to come across the true nature of illness in the early Medieval Ages because in some written sources, the authors standpoint distorts the presentation of the disease or cause of a persons death so that the biological cause is skewed and unattainable. Gregory of Tours, for example, writes about two priests of Sidonius Apollinaris who rebelled against him. Both of these priests died very close to the afore workforcetioned(prenominal) time of Sidonius death. The first priest died while in the lavatory and the second priest died while listening to a servants vision. For the causes of both deaths Gregory gives the confidence to God, saying the Lord passed this earthly judgement on those two unruly priests (135). Details about the deaths are not given, but match to Gregory, they are conflicting because the deaths were acts from God. For the first priest, he writes, he went off to the lavatory and while he was occupied in emptying his bowels he lost his soul instead (134). Moreover, he compared the death to that of Arius, who was considered a heretic and in the same way emptied out his entrails through his back passage in the lavatory, which signifies that Gregory thinks both men died due to heresy against God (134). Gregory even says that God in his clemency did not permit this insult to go long unpunished (134). It is evident that the affliction, according to Gregory, is due to Gods hand. Gregory is writing from a Christian standpoint and is a bishop who greatly admired Sidonius, described here as saintly and an nonsuch. Gregorys agenda is such that he would want to publicize the sins of Sidonius enemies while also glorifying God. This may lead him to give transcendent causation for the deaths of these priests. Since the pries ts and Sidonius died at slightly the same time, one would think that there is a possibility that they could have died from the same kind of illness. Also, since Arius and the first priest both died while emptying their bowels, it is not entirely improbable that they had been suffering from some type of intestinal or digestive disease that may have been prevalent in the time period.

The Role Of Citizen Political Participation In Hong Kong And Singapore :: essays research papers

The Role of Citizen Political Participation in Hong Kong and capital of capital of capital of SingaporeBoth Hong Kong and Singapore are metropolis states that traditionally take holdlacked broad semipolitical participation, instead political decisions were left upto a small group of leaders. Historical factors were critical in determining therole of political participation in both city states. Hong Kongs history of colonial rule and the strength of the Peoples do Party (PAP) in Singaporeacted to keep broad citizen participation in political relation to a minimum.Hong Kong later World War Two remained a colony of England and itsgovernment remained under colonial rule. Unlike in other Asian nations such asSingapore their existed no major anti-colonial movement and the Colonialgovernment was insulated from political pressure because umteen residents andimmigrants from chinaware appreciated the commercial opportunities that Hong Konghad to offer and were afraid that if England g ave up witness of Hong Kong thesmall state would be over figure out by the newly schematic and expansionistcommunist China to the north. During the years immediately after 1949 China wasexpanding, taking over Tibet and Mongolia Hong Kongs feeling of insecurity wasvery received. The Colonial government did in subsequent years establish Hong KongsLegislative Council and Executive council, and the Colonial government appointedprominent and respected local Chinese citizens to serve on these bodies. Thesecouncils although faraway from democratic did ensure that the Chinese citizenrywould at least have representatives to express their pleasure or displeasurewith the colonial administration. But these representatives lacked any realpower and served only at the pleasure of the Colonial administration. Thegovernment of Hong Kong was administered and run by the English Foreign serviceofficers that flocked to Hong Kong, the last vestige of English Empire. In HongKong it really was the Eng lish that ruled not the Chinese public.In Singapore following the end of World War Two a single political partycame into power in Singapore, the Peoples Action Party which was a potentlyanti-colonial left wing party was a made up of communists and more keep backsocialists. After independence Prime Minister Lee Kuan Yew and his allies were fitted to steer the party away from communism and toward a more moderate stance.The Peoples Action Party tolerated dissent and other political parties becauseLee Kuan Yew felt he had a solid political base. The PAP so dominated politicsthat no other political party emerged in Singapore as a strong force. In thedemocratically held elections in Singapore the PAP always win by largemajorities. The greatest blow came to the PAP in 1984 when the reverse wonThe Role Of Citizen Political Participation In Hong Kong And Singapore essays research paper The Role of Citizen Political Participation in Hong Kong and SingaporeBoth Hong Kong and Singapore are city states that traditionally havelacked broad political participation, instead political decisions were left upto a small group of leaders. Historical factors were critical in determining therole of political participation in both city states. Hong Kongs history ofcolonial rule and the strength of the Peoples Action Party (PAP) in Singaporeacted to keep broad citizen participation in government to a minimum.Hong Kong after World War Two remained a colony of England and itsgovernment remained under colonial rule. Unlike in other Asian nations such asSingapore their existed no major anti-colonial movement and the Colonialgovernment was insulated from political pressure because many residents andimmigrants from China appreciated the commercial opportunities that Hong Konghad to offer and were afraid that if England gave up control of Hong Kong thesmall state would be over run by the newly established and expansionistcommunist China to the north. During the years immediately after 1949 China wasexpanding, taking over Tibet and Mongolia Hong Kongs feeling of insecurity wasvery real. The Colonial government did in subsequent years establish Hong KongsLegislative Council and Executive council, and the Colonial government appointedprominent and respected local Chinese citizens to serve on these bodies. Thesecouncils although far from democratic did ensure that the Chinese citizenrywould at least have representatives to express their pleasure or displeasurewith the colonial administration. But these representatives lacked any realpower and served only at the pleasure of the Colonial administration. Thegovernment of Hong Kong was administered and run by the English Foreign serviceofficers that flocked to Hong Kong, the last vestige of English Empire. In HongKong it really was the English that ruled not the Chinese public.In Singapore following the end of World War Two a single political partycame into power in Singapore, the Peoples Action Party which was a strong lyanti-colonial left wing party was a made up of communists and more moderatesocialists. After independence Prime Minister Lee Kuan Yew and his allies wereable to steer the party away from communism and toward a more moderate stance.The Peoples Action Party tolerated dissent and other political parties becauseLee Kuan Yew felt he had a solid political base. The PAP so dominated politicsthat no other political party emerged in Singapore as a strong force. In thedemocratically held elections in Singapore the PAP always won by largemajorities. The greatest blow came to the PAP in 1984 when the opposition won

The Role Of Citizen Political Participation In Hong Kong And Singapore :: essays research papers

The Role of Citizen Political Participation in Hong Kong and capital of capital of Singapore two Hong Kong and Singapore are city states that traditionally havelacked broad policy-making participation, instead political decisions were left upto a small group of leaders. historic factors were critical in determining therole of political participation in both city states. Hong Kongs history ofcolonial rule and the strength of the Peoples Action ships company ( pablum) in Singaporeacted to keep broad citizen participation in regimen to a minimum.Hong Kong after World War Two remained a colony of England and its authorities remained under colonial rule. Unlike in other Asian nations such asSingapore their existed no major anti-colonial movement and the colonialgovernment was insulated from political pressure because many residents andimmigrants from China appreciated the commercial opportunities that Hong Konghad to offer and were alarmed that if England gave up control of Hong Ko ng thesmall state would be over run by the newly established and expansionistcommunist China to the north. During the years straight off after 1949 China wasexpanding, taking over Tibet and Mongolia Hong Kongs feeling of insecurity wasvery real. The compound government did in subsequent years establish Hong KongsLegislative Council and executive director council, and the Colonial government appointedprominent and respected local Chinese citizens to serve well on these bodies. Thesecouncils although far from democratic did ensure that the Chinese citizenrywould at least have representatives to express their pleasure or displeasurewith the colonial administration. exactly these representatives lacked any realpower and served only at the pleasure of the Colonial administration. Thegovernment of Hong Kong was administered and run by the English Foreign serviceofficers that flocked to Hong Kong, the last shade of English Empire. In HongKong it really was the English that ruled not t he Chinese public.In Singapore following the end of World War Two a single political partycame into power in Singapore, the Peoples Action company which was a stronglyanti-colonial left wing party was a made up of communists and more than moderatesocialists. After independence Prime Minister lee(prenominal) Kuan Yew and his allies wereable to steer the party away from communism and toward a more moderate stance.The Peoples Action Party tolerated dissent and other political parties because downwind Kuan Yew felt he had a solid political base. The knocker so dominated politicsthat no other political party emerged in Singapore as a strong force. In thedemocratically held elections in Singapore the PAP always won by largemajorities. The greatest blow came to the PAP in 1984 when the opposition wonThe Role Of Citizen Political Participation In Hong Kong And Singapore essays research papers The Role of Citizen Political Participation in Hong Kong and SingaporeBoth Hong Kong and Sin gapore are city states that traditionally havelacked broad political participation, instead political decisions were left upto a small group of leaders. Historical factors were critical in determining therole of political participation in both city states. Hong Kongs history ofcolonial rule and the strength of the Peoples Action Party (PAP) in Singaporeacted to keep broad citizen participation in government to a minimum.Hong Kong after World War Two remained a colony of England and itsgovernment remained under colonial rule. Unlike in other Asian nations such asSingapore their existed no major anti-colonial movement and the Colonialgovernment was insulated from political pressure because many residents andimmigrants from China appreciated the commercial opportunities that Hong Konghad to offer and were afraid that if England gave up control of Hong Kong thesmall state would be over run by the newly established and expansionistcommunist China to the north. During the years immediatel y after 1949 China wasexpanding, taking over Tibet and Mongolia Hong Kongs feeling of insecurity wasvery real. The Colonial government did in subsequent years establish Hong KongsLegislative Council and Executive council, and the Colonial government appointedprominent and respected local Chinese citizens to serve on these bodies. Thesecouncils although far from democratic did ensure that the Chinese citizenrywould at least have representatives to express their pleasure or displeasurewith the colonial administration. But these representatives lacked any realpower and served only at the pleasure of the Colonial administration. Thegovernment of Hong Kong was administered and run by the English Foreign serviceofficers that flocked to Hong Kong, the last vestige of English Empire. In HongKong it really was the English that ruled not the Chinese public.In Singapore following the end of World War Two a single political partycame into power in Singapore, the Peoples Action Party which was a stronglyanti-colonial left wing party was a made up of communists and more moderatesocialists. After independence Prime Minister Lee Kuan Yew and his allies wereable to steer the party away from communism and toward a more moderate stance.The Peoples Action Party tolerated dissent and other political parties becauseLee Kuan Yew felt he had a solid political base. The PAP so dominated politicsthat no other political party emerged in Singapore as a strong force. In thedemocratically held elections in Singapore the PAP always won by largemajorities. The greatest blow came to the PAP in 1984 when the opposition won

Fences: Black People and Wilson Essay

stately Wil boys Fences is a play round life, and an all-inclusive metaphor Wilson uses to show the crumbling relationships between troy and Cory and Troy and Rose. Troy Maxson represents the dreams of lightlessness America in a majorly sporting world, a world where these dreams were not viable because of the racism and attitudes that prevailed. Troy Maxson is representative of many blacks and their attitudes and behavior within the social flux of the late fifties, in their individual and collective repugns to hew a quoin for themselves in the rocky social terr ain of postwar America (Pereria, 37).Much of the tension in the play comes from Troy Maxson, and his inability to stir, his, refusal to accept the fact that social conditions atomic number 18 ever-changing for the black man (Pereria, 37). Troys wife, Rose, recognizes this early on, saying to him, Times have changed from when you was young, Troy. People change. The worlds changing around you and you croupet regular see it (Wilson, 40). This inability to change diversely affects Troys relationship with his second son, Cory, who is a promising athlete. Sports provide the arena for the go along conflict and foreshadows the characteristic that leave eventually lead to Troys downfall.There is a constant struggle between Troy and Cory because Troy will not allow his son to pursue his acrobatic dreams, utter him instead to elapse his after-school job. This comes from Troys past, when he was a promising baseball player who was prevented from playing because he was black. Troys fears carry into the new generation when he prevents his son from pursuing a football scholarship because of his past, even though the world was changing at this time, and colored people were expanding into new areas.Troy admits to Rose that his decision regarding Corys future comes from his past when he states, I decided seventeen years ago that boy wasnt getting involved in no sports. Not after what they did to me in the s ports (Wilson, 39). Troy, unable to change with the times, is, convinced of no professional future for black athletes, he is determined to direct his son into a more practical career (Pereira, 37). The title of the work, Fences, acts as an prolonged metaphor throughout the play.Troy builds grapples between himself and virtually everyone in the play, isolating himself further and further as he clings to the past and refuses to adapt to a world changing around him. He builds a inclose between himself and his friend Bono when he takes a promotion at work, and then puts a fence between he and Rose when he goes outside of the confines of their marriage with Alberta. He in any case builds a fence between himself and Cory by his refusal to acknowledge his sons dreams.As Bogumil states, By drawing a strict boundary around himself regarding familial relations, Troy loses virtually every sense of affection and join between himself and his son, causing Cory to conclude that his father doe s not even like him (48). When Cory alludes to the question of his father liking him, Troy responds, . cause I like you? You about the biggest fool I ever saw. He continues with, You my flesh and blood. Not cause I like you Cause its my duty to take care of you. I owe a responsibility to you (Wilson, 38).Later in the play, in the end of Act Two, Scene Four, Troy and Cory fight physically, and after Troy tells Cory to leave his house, and Cory says he will return for his things, Troy tells him, Theyll be on the some other side of that fence (Wilson, 89). Troy has not only put Cory out physically, provided has metaphorically put his son on the other side of the fence, by from him. Troy Maxson builds a fence so strong he thought he could keep death himself out. In the end of Act Two, Scene Two he tells Death, See now. Im gonna tell you what Im gonna do. Im gonna take and build me a fence around this yard.See? Im gonna build me a fence around what belongs to me. And then I want you to stay on the other side You stay on the other side of that fence until you ready for me (Wilson, 77). There is also the literal fence in the play, which Rose wants Troy to build around their yard. Troy wonders why Rose would want a fence when they have virtually nothing of jimmy to steal. Bogumil believes that, A fence to Rose has spiritual significance, solace to comfort her during the times she must intervene in the dysfunctional relationship between her son Cory and keep up Troy(48). The beginning of Act One, Scene Two begins with Rose singing to herself, Jesus, be a fence around me every day. (Wilson, 21). While Troy is building fences to keep people out, Rose builds a fence to keep them in, as she, dearly desires to preserve the family she has never had (Bogumil, 48). Rose herself says to Troy, you know I aint never wanted no half nothing in my family. My whole family is half.. Cant hardly tell whos who (Wilson, 68). Alan Nadel believes that Wilson is do a political stat ement with the metaphor of a fence.He sets up his argument with the assertion that. the idea of a fence is inextricable from the idea of seat (86). He continues in this vein, linking property to humans, linking humans as a form of property to the days of slaveholding. He then says that one of the human ideals of freedom was in ownership ownership of property. He states that in previous times, Race or skin color was just such a fence. It served to separate blacks from humans, denying blacks the properties of humans and well-favored to humans property rights over blacks (87).He claims that in the North, The boundaries were less clear, the fences less sturdy (87). Nadel believes that legally, the Dred Scott decision and the Fugitive Slave Law decided that property rights were world-wide trance human rights were local. The Mason Dixon line resulted from the Missouri Compromise and was in violation of the fifth amendment. Because of this, Nadel states that, these laws and decisions m andated that the humanity of blacks be treated as a metaphor, while their non-humanity-their condition as property-be treated as literal (87).The fence then, in August Wilsons Fences, according to Nadel, was the opposing attitudes held towards blacks during these times, that their freedom was, not literal but figurative and that. The Mason-Dixon line became the universal metaphoric fence that marked the properties of race as criteria for inhumane treatment (88). Nadel relates this to Fences by saying that Troy Maxsons struggle to build a fence around his property, making it human, is really Wilsons way of showing the internalization of the metaphoric Mason-Dixon line.He also believes the name Maxson, suggests a shortened Mason-Dixon and that Troys character similarly embodies the personal divisions that come from living in a world where the Mason-Dixon line exists as the ubiquitous circumscription of black American claims to civil rights. (89). The vital element to keep in mind wh ile reading Fences is that while Troy Maxson is a tragic character who at last alienates himself from family and friends because of his inability to adapt with the changing world, he has good intentions and actually believes he is doing the right thing for his family. Peter Wolfe categorizes Troys character perfectly when he claims that, his greatest enemy remains himself (65).Responsibility plays a large role in Troys beliefs. This is reflected when Cory asks Troy if he likes him. Troys reaction is violent, and heartfelt, when he exclaims, Its my job. Its my responsibility You understand that? A man got to take care of his family (Wilson,38). It is important to Troy to instill this sense of responsibility in his sons. When he is speaking to Rose about this outburst he explains, Hes got to make his own way. I made mine(Wilson, 39). Troy also wants his sons to have opportunities he did not. He does not want Cory to get his hopes up, and then dashed down as he did when he tried to en ter the athletic arena.Again, he tells this to Rose when he says,I dont want him to be like me I want him to get as far away from my life as he can get (Wilson, 39). When Bono confronts Troy about his increasing interest in Alberta, Troy defends himself with the words, I aint submergence the responsibility of it (Wilson, 63). And when he tells Rose of his infidelity he says, Rose, you aint the blame. Im responsible for it (Wilson, 69). Although Troy does not always do what is right, as Elkins states, With both his sons, Troy tries to promote responsibility to family over responsibility to personal pursuits (Elkins, 167).This is his reasoning for not allowing Cory to try for the football scholarship, for wanting him to keep work at the A&P, as this is his reasoning for offering Lyons a job working with him at the garbage company. Wolfe claims that, Duty for him always outranks love (Wolfe, 66). Troy value work more than personal pursuits because his own dream of being a major leagu e baseball player was denied him. He is looking out for the trump interests of his children, hoping they do not choose the wrong path as he did, out of genuine care, and a sense of responsibility and duty to his family.Wilson himself defends Troys resolution regarding his decision of not allowing Cory to play football, stating, that, When blacks went to universities on athletic scholarships, they were in fact exploited. Very few got an education. Troy is correct when he tells the kid that the white man aint gon let you get nowhere with that football. As a man born in 1904 and illiterate hes telling his son to get a job so he wont have to carry garbage (Elkins, interview with Wilson, 168). Fences is a masterpiece An extended metaphor about a black family.A black family trying to find a place for themselves in the late fifties and early sixties It is a play about Troy Maxson, who builds so many fences around himself that he succeeds in alienating himself from everyone he cares abou t and from the world that is rapidly changing around him. Wilson shows this more specifically by Troys disintegrating relationship with his son, Cory, and his wife, Rose. As Bono said, Some people build fences to keep people out and other people build fences to keep people in (Wilson, 61). Troy Maxson built them to isolate himself and to keep out the people he loved the most. Works Cited Bogumil, bloody shame L. Understanding August Wilson. University of South Carolina Press, Colombia1999. Elkins, Marilyn. August Wilson A Casebook. Garland Publishing Inc. , New York 2000. Nadel, Alan. May All Your Fences Have Gates Essays on the Drama of August Wilson. University of Iowa Press, U. S. 1994. Pereira, Kim. August Wilson and the African American Odyssey. University Of Illinois Press, Chicago1995. Wilson, August. Fences. Penguin Books U. S. A. Inc. , New York1986. Wolfe, Peter. August Wilson Twaynes United States Authors Series. Ed. Frank Day. Twayne Publishers, New York1999.

Russian Literature

Russian belles-lettres History Overview Russian literature has long been a cultural cogitate of the entire world. Its not surprising that the formation of Russias first literary traditions goes back to the first century. The adoption of Christianity boosted the development of literacy, philosophy and theological literature. The earliest literary whole shebang were not scripted in the Russian language but in Old Church Slavonic which was developed in the 9th century by classical missionaries Cyril and Methodius. Old Church Slavonic became the liturgical language of the Orthodox Church, prompting literary activity in Russia.In 988 Vladimir I, Grand Duke of Kyiv, converted to Christianity and made it Russias official religion. Eventually, unearthly ties between Russia, the Byzantine Empire, Ancient Rome and Greece strengthened and began to share common traits. As literacy rapidly developed, so did Russian literature. Historical chronicles, sacred scriptures, biblical texts, sermons , biographies of saints and different ghostly writings and poems were translated from Greek into Old Church Slavonic which remained the literary language of Russia until the 17th century.At that time, books served mainly as a means to foster religious awareness. In the long run, Christianity marked the character of the Russian literature. Church literature laid the foundation for the ideas of Russian unity and Russian national identity. First plant of Russian literature Byzantine Greek writings influenced the first texts created during the Kyiv compass point. The to a greater extent or less significant sermon, Slovo O Zakone I Blagodati (1050 Sermon on Law and Grace), is a detailed oration written by the head of the Orthodox Church in Russia at that time, Metropolitan Illarion.It is believed to be the first original work of Russian literature. The chronicle Povest Vremennykh Let (1113 The Tale of Bygone Years, withal known as The Russian Primary Chronicle), attributed to the m onk Nestor, explores the history of the East Slavic peoples, viz. Russians, Belarussians, and Ukrainians up to the year 1110. However, the just about prominent work of the period is probably Slovo O Polku Igoreve (1185 The Tale of Igors Campaign). It focuses on a Prince Igor? s failed raid against an soldiers of Asian nomads and is written in lyrical poetic language.The creation of religious scripts went hand in hand with the creation of folk poetry songs, epics and fairy tales expound authentic Russian life and culture. In the late 11th and early 12th century, Teaching by Prince Vladimir Monomakh and Wanderings of Daniel featured a fusion of religious scripts with folk literature. In 1240 the Tatars invaded Kyiv, bringing an early send away to this period in culture. For the next 200 years the Tatars occupied most of Russia. While Europe was enjoying the Renaissance, Russian literature was at a standstill.A series of upheavals and riots throughout the sixteenth and 17th centu ries brought political and secular influences to literature. Messages of Ivan the Terrible and the autobiography of Arch Priest Avvakum were the first literary workings written in spoken Russian. These works mixed the church and bookish languages with folk speech. One of the most important and notable literary works of the 16th century was Domostroi (House-Orderer). It set the rules for moral behaviour and gave instructions for running a household. In the 16th century folkloric poetry was on the rise as was the popular genre of the secular story of manners.In the 17th century Russian culture was greatly influenced by Western European values. Tsar Peter the Great? s fascination with European culture was looming large and brought the first printed books to Russia, almost all of which were religious in content. A number of Russian poets started composing verses imitating Western authors. In fiction, the influence of Western adventure tales such as Don Quixote by Miguel de Cervantes, is obvious in The Tale of Savva Grudtsyn (Povest o Savve Grudtsyne) and The Tale of Frol Skobeev (Povest o Frole Skobeeve).In 1678, the first plays written by a Russian author, Symeon Polotsky, appeared. Step by step, modern Russian literature started to emerge as more and more writers began to develop their own wrongful styluss. By the 18th century written Russian finally came into wide use, replacing Old Church Slavonic. Peter the Great and Catherine the Great were keen to recruit literature in Russia. Perhaps the most important figure of Russian intellectual life in the 18th century was Mikhail Lomonosov who rose from peasant origins to go a prominent scientist and writer. One of the greatest poets of the time was Gavrila Derzhavin.Russian author Denis Fonvizin dominated the drama. His plays Brigadir (written 1768-1769 published 1790 The Brigadier) and Nedorosl? (1782 The Minor) mocked the manners and morals of the upper classes. One of the most interesting non-fiction works of the period was Puteshestvie iz Peterburga v Moskvu (1790 Journey from St. Petersburg to Moscow) by Aleksandr Radishchev. It earned its author a ten-year exile to Siberia. Nikolay Karamzin established a Russian prose style in his travel writings with his famous Istoriia gosudarstva rossiiskogo (1818-1824 History of the Russian State).Golden develop of Poetry The 19th century was probably the most fruitful period in the history of Russian literature. Alexander Pushkin Alexander Pushkin 6 June 1799 10 February 1837 Mikhail Lermontov Mikhail Lermontov 15 October 1814 27 July 1841 Nikolai Gogol Nikolai Gogol 31 March 1809 4 March 1852 Ivan Turgenev Ivan Turgenev 9 November 1818 3 September 1883 Lyev Tolstoy Lyev Tolstoy 9 September 1828 20 November 1910 Anton Chekhov Anton Chekhov 29 January 1860 15 July 1904 The first few decades of the 19th century came to be known as the Golden Age of Poetry.Without a doubt, Aleksandr Pushkins renowned fabrication in verse Evgeny Onegin (18 23-1831) cemented his name in history. Before the 19th century, drama received very little attention from Russian writers. It continued until two pillars of Russian drama Aleksandr Griboedov (Gore ot Uma 1833 The Woes of Wit) and Aleksandr Ostrovsky (Groza, 1860 The Thunderstorm) stepped into the spotlight. But by the end of the century, several timeless plays were written by Anton Chekhov, for example Chaika (1896 The Seagull).The author of the most famous short story in Russian, Shinel (1842 The Overcoat), Nikolay Gogol, is considered to be the original master of Russian prose of the 19th century. His comic, grotesquely tongue-in-cheek collection of short stories Vechera na khutore bliz Dikanki (1831-1832 Evenings on a Farm near Dikanka) are peppered with the local colour and ambience of Ukraine. Fyodr Dostoyevskys novels examined political and social issues as surface as philosophical and moral problems of Russian society. His Crime and Punishment (1866) is considered to be one of the best novels of all time.Leo Tolstoy, like his contemporary Dostoyevsky, was not just a brilliant novelist but a political thinker and philosopher as well. His novel Voina i Mir (1865-1869 War and Peace) is a family and a historical novel in one and is said to be one of the greatest literary works in the history of world literature. Short fiction and poetry gradually replaced the novel and by the end of the 19th century were the dominant genres of Russian literature. Silver Age Alexander Blok Alexander Blok 28 November 1880 7 August 1921 One of the most gifted lyrical poets produced by Russia after Alexander Pushkin.Impressionism and symbolism replaced social realism. A new breed of Russian poets was inspired by Western European cultures, while Russian culture was gaining in popularity in Europe. Russian poet and novelist Valery Bryusov introduced symbolism to Russian audiences. One of the most sophisticated poets of the time was Aleksandr Blok. His greatest work, Dvenadtsat (1918 The Twelve, 1920), described the modal value of Petrograd (now Saint Petersburg) in the winter of 1918 in the wake of the 1917 Bolshevik Revolution.Some of the greatest poets of the 20th century who opposed the Bolshevik Revolution and Soviet rule were Anna Akhmatova (Requiem, 1964), Marian Tsvetaeva and Osip Mandelstam. The last of these was arrested in the 1930s and died in a labour camp. Socialist realism Among those who supported the 1917 Revolution was a prominent Soviet novelist and playwright, Maksim Gorky (Mother, 1907). He was also a founder of socialist realism. After the Revolution, many writers left Russia for Europe and the West.Perhaps one of the most gifted among them was novelist Vladimir Nabokov who emigrated to the United States in 1940 and began writing in English. below Joseph Stalin, the Soviet regimes enforcement of literary guidelines made many established writers withdraw from literature. Little literature was created at that time. Works by Andrey Pl atonov and Mikhail Bulgakov disappeared in the 1920s. Although Bulgakov had published several plays and stories, his chef-doeuvre Master and Margarita, completed shortly before his termination in 1940, remained unknown until it was published in 1966.After the end of WW2, the guidelines of socialist realism were enforced even more strictly than before, and the period from 1946 until the death of Stalin in 1953 was probably the bleakest in Russian literature of the 20th century. Russian literature in exile However, the decades after Stalins death saw several thaws. Restrictions over literature were eased. In an effort to cast off Stalins legacy, Nikita Khrushchev expanded the limits of what could be said in public and written in the press. In the 1960s a number of works that had previously been banned were republished and many writers felt relief.Boris Pasternak finally published his legendary novel Doctor Zhivago, although orthogonal the Soviet compass north. At first it was acce pted by a Soviet magazine, but then rejected. Eventually it was published in the West in 1957. Pasternak was awarded the Nobel take account for literature in 1958, but was forced by the Soviet authorities to decline the award. Khrushchevs campaign against Stalin also allowed the publication of another masterpiece, Odin den Ivana Denisovicha (A Day in the Life of Ivan Denisovich, 1963) by Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn.It appeared in the leading Soviet literary magazine, causing a sensation. It focused on the realities of life in prison camps to which tens of thousands of people surmise of anti-Soviet views, including Solzhenitsyn himself, were sent. But still, novels by Solzhenitsyn, such as Rakovyi Korpus (Cancer Ward, 1968) and V Kruge Pervom (The First Circle, 1968) could not be published in the Soviet Union. Their publication abroad in conclusion led to an official campaign against the writer that resulted in his expulsion from the Soviet Union.He was awarded the Nobel Prize for lite rature in 1970. Among other prominent anti-Soviet authors was the poet Joseph Brodsky, who left the Soviet Union in 1972. In 1987 Brodsky too was awarded the Nobel Prize. Like Solzhenitsyn, he moved to the United States. New faces The early 1990s saw the collapse of the Soviet Union and with it the end of 70 years of state control over literature. Official censorship was over and the government proclaimed freedom of the press. This long-awaited independence had profound effects on Russian literature. Works by writers

Aristotle, Kant and Mills on Morals, Morality and Moral Philosophy Essay

The homo social and personalized life has become more and more complex. Over meter, exclusive thinkers and intellectuals have consistently delved and investigated umteen fundamental aspects of the gentlemans gentleman way of life. One of which is the investigation of how lot rationalize their actions based on the socially-sh ard supposition of rightfield and wrong. E very(prenominal) time an individual acts, the deeply embedded intellect to question whether the action is right or wrong is moldd by the concept known as worship which is all of import(predicate) in the community .Today, chastes as an judgement and as a practice and social feature remains unstable because it is still subject to change. This is the precedent why theology is never var. in stone and that is why t present is a face that non all moral actions argon legal and not all legal actions are moral. What morality affects is an aspect of life that greatly varies based on case-to-case situations and scenarios. It is difficult to define what morality is, and more outstandingly, what morality expects from the people.Helping the people understand that and shell out this dilemma are the ideas of thinkers like lavatory Stuart pulverisations, Immanuel Kant and Aristotle, who provided explanations and ideas regarding morality, what it is, what it entails, what to do with it, how to use it, etc. They are famous during their time and even in their present because of their intellectual gifts, how they employ it and what resulted from it, these individuals proved to be instrumental in exploring and explaining the extent of morality and moral philosophy.They opened ideas regarding morality and moral philosophy that acted as guide for people to go bad understand it and live and act in accordance to what they believe are suitable tenets in their own way of life. History has viewed Kant, heros and Aristotle as grand pillars in the discussion of morality and moral philosophy. What people feel vis-a-vis what people are subjected to by law are all making its push in how morality develops, shifts and change every day. It is important that individuals have a solid soul of what these ideas are, how they differ or are similar with other ideas and how it provoke impact sympathetic life.II. Discussion A. Morality What is morality? For the longest time, morality has been strongly debated by many of the worlds greatest thinkers in the foretaste of finding a concrete and definitive answer to this inquiry en route to a useful application of such ideas in practical common lives. In the past as easily as in the present, morality has often figured signifi behindtly in the many varied affairs and activities of benevolent beings. It is a set of beliefs. It includes important aspects like punishment and reward system in societies as well as traditional practices among others .Society has been strongly aquiline and influenced by the concept of morality especially tho se which are socially dual-lane. Morality has long existed but in the past was hardly explored, explained and defined. With the works of philosophers like Aristotle, Immanuel Kant and John Stuart drudgerys, among others, morality and the philosophy operating it has been explained and explored, especially in consideration to how people act or in anticipation of how people will and should act.Morality is an important aspect of social and personal life that influences and dictates the actions of human beings and how the beau monde and other human beings respond to it. It is hard to imagine world without the concept of morality as it is. It may be presented in another words or terms but the ethos of such idea will persist. The human nature is naturally attuned to discovering and exploring a natural aspect of human interaction such as morality. Through the established ideas of morality accepted by the society, an action is defined as right or wrong, moral or immoral (although in case to case basis it is often more complex than that).Morality acts as a guide. The society hopes that through aspects like morality, people can have an organized set of actions and the social life will not fall into chaos. As an important indicator of what is right and what is wrong, morality and morals of the individuals have always been subjected to investigation. This is done to see if the existing parameter for the identification of morality and what is moral or immoral is acceptable, and if necessary, challenged to influence the entry of change.Individuals like the thinkers Kant, move and Aristotle tried to find out and explain the implications of morality, as well as its scope and boundaries. They explained whether it is a simpleton code of submit or is it something more, something reflective of the real and true character of the individual which is innate even without the influence of external rules. What is at stake is whether morality is essentially a system of rules, whic h persons can obey for whatever reasons, or something that is broader in its demands a system that reaches to the ingredients of the characters or personalities of those who obey its rules . B. Morality according to philosophers i. Immanuel Kant Immanuel Kant was a very insightful and talented thinker and intellectual who made his mark in history based on what he offered to the world as important ideas in many different fields of human way of life. His position on morality and moral theory is characterized by his creation of what is known as the savorless positive or simply CI. For Kant, discerning what is moral or immoral is simply based on how the individual acts according to the Categorical Imperative.Being consistent with what the Categorical Imperative requires mean that the action and the individual is moral, while varying or deviating from the Categorical Imperative is equal to being immoral. Basically, what Kant is trying to point out here via his Categorical Imperative is the idea that morality is something that should be hinged on a particular set of standards established and shared by the society pertaining to what is acceptable and what is insufferable action. Kant rationalizes that the individual should be free to pursue or deviate from the Categorical imperative.The individual is a rational being and not a being that is save driven by emotional motors without consideration to reason. He or she is free and endowed with autonomy to make the distinction in recognizing moral and immoral actions. The individual pursues what could be moral or immoral in the persons perspective and the perspective of other people or community. Kants position on morality is found in his several published works which have been extensively read, critiqued and reviewed by other individuals, who, like Kant are also intently act the philosophy of morality and the ideas affecting it.These include The Groundwork of the Metaphysics of Morals, followed by The Critique of Pr actical Reason, The Metaphysics of Morals, Anthropology from a Pragmatic Point of View. His writing entitle Religion Within the Boundaries of Mere Reason also touches the topic of morality and is important in moral theories. ii. Aristotle Aristotle is a thinker who has explored many different aspects of human social life and has contributed many different important ideas. One of the things that Aristotle talked about in his works is morality. Aristotle is known for his contribution to the philosophy of morality.Despite the fact that Aristotle is well respected as a thinker, critical analysis of his works on moral philosophy still revealed some key holes and weaknesses in his overall concept . Some of the ideas that Aristotle explored with regards to morality and moral philosophy include the idea that the main consideration in morality is having people consider what is best for the many and not for the few. Aristotles discussion of morality is also focused on virtue, and the consid eration and role of money and material consideration and the weighing of material and non material considerations when it comes to what constitutes happiness.In turn, it is an important consideration in assessing moral and immoral actions. It can be considered that Aristotle was practical and realistic in his approach to explaining morality, even giving ideas in simple construction, like how it is not easy to be good, as reflected in his work Nichomachean moral philosophy . iii. John Stuart Miller John Stuart Mill has been considered as one of the individuals in the nineteenth century who talked about morality and provided new ideas regarding morality and moral philosophy.Many believed that Mills ideas were actually off shoot from other ideas in the past like those presented by intellectuals like John Locke and David Hume among others. Critics and analysts believe that what Mill did was consolidate some of the important ideas of these philosophers and develop and new approach in u nderstanding morality and moral philosophy to help guide people and their way of life and way of thinking. This results to a society in tune with moral paradigms and is help in defining what is right and wrong actions and way of life.Mill is identified with the utilitarian approach in moral philosophy. This means Mill believes in the idea that the morality of the action of the individual is assessed by the consequences of that action which makes considerations on action utilitarian. The society judges the actions based on what it can do to the people or society. C. Similarities The three philosophers provide moral philosophy outlooks that share similarities based on what they imply and based on its characteristics as well. For example, critics and analysts believe that the theories of the three in morality are considered as normative.These are the kinds of theories that people should value and put importance to. Kant, Mill and Aristotle are offering normative theories theories of w hat we should value . The moral philosophy fancy of Aristotle, Mill and Kant also shares the similar belief that part of the concept to be good which is important in morality is the recognition that it is difficult to act in such a way that is perceived by the society as good. The concept of what is difficult and what makes the actions difficult vary from one philosopher to the other .Also, morality plays an important part in Mill, Kant and Aristotles explanation of other related concepts integral to morality, like ethics, for example . One of the similarities of the three individuals with regards to their pursuit of and contribution to the concept of morals, morality and the moral philosophy is that they are all responsible each for three different perspective, approaches and ideas on morals and morality based on what they have popularized. Aristotle has his Nicomachean Ethics while Kant has his Categorical Imperative.Lastly, Mill has his Utilitarianism . Kant and Mill, two philo sophers whose lives are closer to one another compared to the differences in time span with that of Aristotle, has become a factor that resulted in the creation of similarities in their ideas regarding moral philosophy. Larmore explained that the moral philosophy of both Mill and Kant are considered as liberal theories. It is characterized by consistent similarities between the two moral philosophies that featured ideas such as the autonomy and independence of individual in relation to morality, among others .Liberal political theory since Kant and Mill has usually presented itself as an panoptic moral theory committed to overall personal ideals such as autonomy or an experimental attitude towards ways of life . Both Kant and Mill also focused on the role and importance of virtue, citing the idea that virtue is a driving force behind achieving morality. Morality, in turn, is realized because of how virtue manipulates individuals towards action. Kant and Mill both wrote about the i mportance of virtues.Still, in their views of morality, what makes for a virtue is the fact that the agent acts in accordance with the fundamental principle of morality . Also, another similarity, this time between Kant and Mill, is their similar use and advocacy regarding human freedom regarding action and the pursuit of morality. For these two individuals and their moral philosophy, an important idea postulated is that of the role of autonomous human beings being empowered by freedom to choose their actions and by themselves consider what is moral and what immoral actions are.An important characteristic of the ideas of Kant, Mill and Aristotle when it comes to moral philosophy is the shared similarity of the three which made them a collective whole in the analysis of moral theory and philosophy. Prinz, in his book The emotional construction of morals, explained that when moral philosophies are examined collectively, Mill, Kant and Aristotles ideas comprise a particular group from which other groups involving different ideas are compared and contrasted with.An example is how the approaches of Hume and Nietzsche are compared to the collective similar ideas of Mill, Kant and Aristotle. It is important to see that Hume and Nietzsche are doing something very different from Kant, Mill and Aristotle . D. Differences i. The different ideas In many different ways, the philosophical approaches of these three individuals vary from one another. For example, both Aristotle and Mill put forward reasonable, practical and understandable constructs and designs for their moral philosophy and the expectations of the humans and the societies in this matter.In comparison, Kant appears to be extreme in his ideas and in his expectations of the people and the society if his approach on moral philosophy would be followed. For example, Kant was expecting that the rest of the society and other people will rigidly follow demeanours indicative of moral behavior when the truth is, it is more complex than this. Also, Aristotle and Mills moral philosophies are considered teleological while that of Kant is considered deontological .Others believe that Aristotle was developing something which differs from the point of focus of the works of Mill and Kant, especially in the idea that moral philosophy can be a guidebook for some, while for others simply the identification of the idea good person . ii. Differences in lieu of God, pietism and morality In comparing the approaches, perspectives and moral takes of these three individuals on morality, morals and the philosophy of morality, it is noticeable how the concept of god and religion has often figured in this equation, and how the three individuals handled them differently.There is Kant who believes that the autonomous individual exercises free will and the belief that this act is a manifestation of Gods will and that reason is used to identify and understand morality. Mill, on the other hand, believes that morali ty does not include God in the equation and the identification of morality is aquiline strongly on the consideration of the individual of his happiness or pleasure.Unlike Kant who believes that as morality is dependent on the individual, so is the individual answerable for his actions on morality and immorality. Mill believes that the individual is not the only entity answerable in morality but society as well. It appears that Aristotle sides with the idea that morality is dependent on the conscious course of action of the individual. This creates moral virtues which in turn influences and determines actions and whether or not they lean towards morality or otherwise.In the idea of virtue, differences are found, especially in comparison to the moral philosophies of Aristotle, Kant and Mill wherein Mill and Kant are in similar standing in the idea and concept of virtue different from how Aristotle perceived it. For Aristotle, virtue is basic in a way which it is not for Kant and Mill . That is a crucial difference that is reflected in their theories as overall . Aristotle provides a very good model for morality, explaining that morality and the pursuit of moral living should be aided by other aspects of life, like education.By being educated, the individual can act better in a way that morality is being considered more significantly in the actions. E. Analysis An important consideration to the understanding of, as well as appreciation, of the moral philosophies of the three moral philosophers is not just based on what the individual analyst or critic is experiencing at the outcome and what the individual is biased for or against. Rather, it is based on the context by which they are trying to define and explain morality. It is important that regardless of their differences and similarities as ideas. all of these perspectives are based on an important foundation, and that is the reason through which the philosopher propels his or her ideas (in this case his sinc e all three are male philosophers). As Rosenstand explained it, analysis and critique of any of these ideas first require the individual to be able to understand the point of reason of these philosophers, why they are trying to say what they are saying and why this is how they see things. If we were to ask Kant, Mill, Aristotle, or just about any moral thinker, he or she would say we must try to appeal to their reason . This phenomenon, in a way, is indicative of the social condition. Societies vary from one another when it comes to their collective idea of morality as well as the differences in the personal preferences on morality. They all have their reasons why their morality and their moral philosophies are designed as it is. III. Conclusion The philosophers Immanuel Kant, John Stuart Mill and Aristotle are individuals and thinkers who explored and discussed morality and in the process helped people in defining standards for life and way of life.These individuals are important because people has the need to understand how they should act and under what considerations. It is an idea that is important and crucial in the concept of morality and moral philosophy. Through these individuals and their ideas which are similar and different in one or many different points, people are given the chance to assess their actions and see if they are good or bad depending on the moral guides that they follow. Kant, Mill and Aristotle are telling us what we should value . Bibliography Bailey, Andrew. First Philosophy Fundamental Problems and Readings in Philosophy. Toronto Broadview Press, 2004. Ben-Yehuda, Nachman. The politics and morality of deviance moral panics, drug abuse, deviant science, and reversed stigmatization. New York SUNY Press, 1990. Care, Norman S. right on people. Oxford Rowman & Littlefield, 2000. DAndrea, Thomas D. Tradition, rationality, and virtue the thought of Alasdair MacIntyre. Vermont Ashgate Publishing, Ltd. , 2006.

Amino Acid Chromatography

In this experiment paper chromatography was used in order to identify two secret aminic acids victimisation eight known amino ones. The two unknown ones were identified by comparing the distance they traveled up the chromatography paper and their Rf values to the corresponding values of the other eight known amino acids. The unknown amino acids identified were Glycine and Methionine. Introduction Proteins in cellular telephones are alpha in many ways. There are different types of proteins such as contractile proteins, enzymes, hormonal proteins, structural proteins and transport proteins. They are vital to regular cell functioning.Proteins are do up of amino acids that are joined together by peptide bonds. When fewer than 50 amino acids are joined together, a polypeptide is remainsed. to each one(prenominal) proteins have two crowds in common. They have a carboxylic group and an amino group. There are 20 types of amino acids that bond together in different combinations to perform different functions. The primary structure of proteins is the order and number of amino acids. Secondary, tertiary and quarternary structures are formed from chains of peptides that are folded into sheets, ribbons and coils so that they form a 3D shape and are more stable.Different weights of amino acid make them differ in polarity. This stock certificateament enables the separation of proteins by polarity using chromatography. Paper chromatography is an example of a chromatography technique called absorption chromatography. The paper is the adsorbent, which will bind the components of the mixing. The substance will be mail serviceted onto the chromatography paper and put into a beaker filled with dissolver. The solvent will then flow through the paper. The solvent chosen depends highly on its polarity as this will be the characteristic that will separate the different substances.Petroleum, ether, hexanes, cyclohexanes and toluene are some examples of solvents with diff erent polarities as well as increasing polarities. In some cases, mixtures of solvents are made to reach a certain polarity. If substances that are contended to be separated are polar, then the solvent must be slightly less polar. Non-polar substances need a polar solvent to be separated. The solvent travels faster than the samples. The Rf value is the ratio of the distance traveled by the sample and the distance traveled by the sample.Rf = distance travelled by amino acid sample from the broth in mm distance travelled by the solvent from the origin in mm Factors affecting how far the amino acids travel depend on how high the solvent is allowed to advance on the paper, the type of absorbent, the type of niggardness of the solvent, temperature and the distance of the origin from the solvent. One type of test to detect proteins is the Ninhydrin test. This test makes the amino acids spots visible. Ninhydrin is a pale yellow solid and it reacts with the amino group in the amino aci ds and proteins and produces a purple product.Heat must be used in order to speed up the reaction. Objective The objective of this experiment was to spot various amino acids and an unknown mixture on chromatography paper and run it with a chromatography solvent. The lab period following included treating the samples with Ninhydrin solution and instigateing it so that the amino acids could be visible. The distance of the samples were then measured in mm from the origin. The measurements were then used to calculate the Rf values for each sample and frankincense the unknown sample could be identified. Materials Alanine, 1% Solution Arginine, 1% SolutionAsparagine, 1% Solution Aspartic acid, 1% Solution Glycine, 1% Solution Lysine, 1% Solution Methionine, 1% Solution Tyrosine, 1% Solution Unknown, 1% Solution Chromatography Solvent, 20mL Ninhydrin solution, 2%, 10mL Beaker, 600mL Chromatography paper, 20X10 cm Graduated Cylinder, 25-mL Heat source, drying over or hot plate Microtip pip ets, 9 pencil Ruler Spray bottle Stapler Watch glass or aluminum foil Procedure 1. On a 20cm wide by 10 cm high piece of chromatography paper, a pencil was used to draw a straight line (about 1 cm) from the butt end of the paper from the leftover to the veracious side 2.Nine pencil dots were placed 2cm apart on the line 3. The name of each amino acid was written under each dot in pencil. 20 mL of chromatography solvent was then added to the 600-mL beaker 4. A micropipet was used to obtain a small amount of the first amino acid 5. The tip of the pipette was placed above the chromatography paper directly above the pencil dot and a spot of the amino acid was dropped on the dot 6. Steps 4 and 5 were repeated for the eight amino acid solutions 7. With the sample side facing outwards the chromatography paper was turned into a cylinder and the top and bottom edges of the paper were stapled. .The paper cylinder was then placed into a beaker with the chromatography solvent. 9. The beaker was then covered with a watch glass 10. The samples were then allowed to run till the solvent level was about 1 cm from the top of the paper. 11. The chromatography paper was then removed from the beaker. The solvent height was then marked with a pencil line and the staples were removed 12. The chromatography paper was then left to dry During the following lab 13. The chromatography paper was sprayed with a spray bottle containing 10mL of 2 % Ninhydrin solution 14.The chromatography paper was left to dry for 10-20 minutes 15. The paper was then put in a drying oven or held 10 cm above a hot plate to heat so that the color could develop 16. A dot was placed with a pencil at the centermost point of each amino acid 17. The distance in mm of the solvent traveled from the pencil line till the where the solved stopped traveling was measured. 18. The distance in mm from the origin till where each amino acid traveled was measured 19. The Rf value for each amino acid was calculated ResultsTa ble 1 Distance and Rf values of the amino acids and unknowns Amino Distance(mm)452427223015574235/60 Rf Value0. 50. 270. 30. 240. 330. 170. 630. 470. 39/0. 67 The distance traveled by the solvent from the pencil line drawn was 90mm. The unknown samples were found to be Glycine and Methionine by comparing their Rf and distances values to those amino acids with Rf and distance values that were calculated. Discussion Paper Chromatography is used to separate a mixture of compounds into its components.Pens and markers are not used as their ink will be separated too. Instead, pencils are utilized as they are made from graphite which does not separate. Capillary action is the ability of a liquid to flow in narrow spaces without any help from external forces. This flow is against gravity as well. This happens because of the intermolecular attractive forces between the liquid and the solid surrounding surfaces. Surface tension and adhesive forces between the liquid and solid also help the li quid rise through the solid.The Rf value is defined as the ratio of the distance travelled by the amino acid sample from the origin to the distance travelled by the solvent. The ratios, thence, stay the same regardless of the solvent used. Ninhydrin is used in paper chromatography to identify amino acids. Ninhydrin solution turns the amino acid fingerprints to the color purple, therefore making them visible. For this reason we take care when touching the chromatography paper. The least polar amino acid was alanine as the distance it moved up the paper was the least.

Academic Skill Vs Soft Skill. Which Is More Important? Essay

Having a scroll of degree or master would be great and that could be a pass for you to have your r of all timeie job. But do you ever thought that having those qualifications atomic number 18 enough for you to survive in your career phase? Nowadays, the employer has a high demand towards the workers as they hope the worker to have to a greater extent than the education as a ones forte but good in the opposite ways. What they want are the individuals to own a good amount of promiscuous skills. From my point of view, I strongly believe that having a great soft skill would benefit me more rather than having the academic skills only. Unlikeacademic skills, which describe a persons level of intelligent and that skill are also considered as an ability to perform specific tasks broadly applicable across job titles and industries. Its often said that academic skills will get you an interview, but you subscribe soft skills to get and keep the job.That are aspect from your personality t hat be streets ahead as your professional assets. Being working or involved in certain industries could be challenging for each of us since each indus movement do have their own requirements regarding the skill that the job wanted the employee to have. Even nowadays, more employer state that having a good CGPA would benefits those job seekers but at the end of the day the employer would hire someone with more than that which one with the soft skill and the one with a higher CGPA would loss the opportunity to gain the job. It is apparent that soft skill is really burning(prenominal) to compare with just an academic skill to survive in these new eras. So, before were going through the example of soft skill, what actually soft skills mean? Basically, what is soft skills? Soft skills are a equivalent word for people skills. The term describes those personal attributes that indicate a high level ofemotional intelligence. Soft skills refer to a set of personal qualities, habits, attit udes that can potentially submit good students and comply with academic requirements. In short, they are the way you talk, you move, hear and present yourself. They are the behaviors learned, which develop from willingness and commitment to understanding the emotions of others and others.One of the impacts of having a soft skill is a conflict re dissolvent. Conflict resolution is a way for two or more parties to find a peaceful solution to a disagreement among them. The disagreement may be personal, financial, political, or emotional. When a dispute arises, often the best course of action is a negotiation to sink the disagreement. The first thing you need to do when youre going to resolve a conflict is that you need to be able to view the problems and issues from multiple perspectives and get strong problem-solving skills. Try to put your shoes in his place and figure it out the best way to conceal without having a commotion. Since all these commotions will non only affect the p roblematic parties but also the surrounding atmosphere will be travel along cold and cheerless as everyone is annoyed with those situations. Also, it is very Copernican that the problem solver to have an ability to empathize, meaning that youre able to perceive and understand the feelings and emotions of others. Active listening is another skill important for you to have, which is a listening technique that requires you to provide feedback to the person to whom you are listening by restating or paraphrasing what someone is communicating to confirm your understanding. To solve a conflict requires you to be a good and active listener by not only hear from only one side. Some careful thought can be taken after listening to their explanation.Can you just imagine if only everyone has the ability to become an active and good listener, all the misunderstanding and miscommunication stuff could be prevented? That just shows how owning a soft skill can help you become a better person and how does it affect ones life. We should bear in mind that while we can use scientific ways (hard skills) in realizing the solution, mode and manner of communication (soft skills) is equally very important to achieve the prim solution. When resolving a conflict, you also need to be able to control and manage your emotions use and interpret nonverbal cues and think critically and objectively. Dont let the emotion controls all over your mind that can cause some serious circumstances. Finally, its very important you can compromise, which refers to the willingness to concede something in exchange for an opposing partys concession and no bias or favoritism so that the conflict can be resolved the issues and try to deal with ones emotion as everyone. Do be patient in solving a conflict and dont ever let the surrounding affect your right mind.In brief, the best thing about owning a soft skill is the fact that you dont need qualifications to get them and you can start working on them right now , whether you are at school, in training or in work as it comes from experience. By having this kind of advantage, it not only gives a small impact on ones life but is also a very wanted asset thats not everyone can simply get it. Despite the difference between soft, and hard skills, the main purpose of this article is not to sign on ones focus to distinguishing between these two skills, nor is it an aim to portray one as being more desirable than the other. Both are important for academic success as well as succeeding in life. What is of importance, however, is to know how these two skills interact and serve to complement each other, and how this would benefit other especially students. For example, hard skills will help you to write well and construct well-founded and objective arguments soft skills will equip you with, say the social skills and corporate trust to communicate your point across. Essentially. employers want candidates who comprise a combination of both hard and s oft skills. These skills empower them to understand who they are and how best they can come across as competent individuals in any given situation. Because learning and fulfilling requirements are often expanded to improve job prospects, it is inevitable that employers will make their criteria factors when selecting the right candidate. Therefore, the skills exposed to the students and expected to practice in the academic field must represent, and meet the needs of the business world.

Serial Killer “Richard Chase”

As a young boy he didnt show either odd behavior until he turned the age of ten. At the age, often in 1960 he started killing and torturing animals including cats. Then by some eld passed it was 1964 an he started att extirpateing Mira Lama High School, obtained grades of Cos, Ads, and Ifs, but still managed to complete high school an get his diploma. While he was in school his intermediate year he was arrested for possession of marijuana ordered by Juvenile court work on weekends, and as his time as an teenager he became a very Intense drug user and regularly exhibited symptoms of delusional thinking.January 5, 1978 Chase started his life of legal problems from small crime of stealing a four- rim old puppy, shooting it in the head and proceeded to drink the blood or to his random violent acts like on the date January 11, 1978. On the 1 lath of January 1978 groove attacked a neighbor after he asked for a cigarette then restrained her units she turned over the entire pack. 2 week s later, he broke into a house, robbed it then urinated inside a drawer containing infant clothing and defecated on the bed in a childs room. Interrupted by the owners return, bevel was attacked but managed to escape.An chase continued to search for unlocked doors of homes to enter. He believed a locked door was a sign that he was not wanted, however an unlocked door was as Invitation to enter. kindly problems Richard Chase had many of them suffering mental disorders which made It had for him In his social life. Richard Chase himself managed to maintain a small social life, however his relationships with women would not refinement long. This was because of his bizarre behavior and because he was impotent. An event that happened would prove his mind state when he moves out his mother house thinking she was trying to poison him.He had rented an flat tire with some friends. Chaises roommates complained that he was constantly intoxicated alcohol, marijuana, and LSI. Chase would also walk around the apartment nude, even in front of company. Chaises roommates demanded that he move out. When he refused, the roommates moved out instead. Education and Jobs, all though Richard Chase never had a Job, his education was on the side of a little below honest with an IQ of 95. During, the spring of 1968 he enrolled In American River College, maintained grades of Cos, consistently used drugs, and briefly seen a psychiatrist.Physical problems he suffered from constant paranoid episodes and would often end up at the hospital emergency room in search for help. He was psychiatric observation, but shrinking, Chase felt he had found the cure. He would kill and disembowel small animals and eat the various parts of the animals raw. 1975, Chase suffering from blood poisoning after injecting of rabbit blood into his veins, was involuntary hospitalized with schizophrenic. An his versed was not very well written out cause his relationships never lasted long because of his bizarre be havior, and the fact that he was impotent.He was killed with a direct gunshot offend to his head. Evelyn and Jason were found in Evelyn bedroom. Jason had been shot twice in the head. The depth of Chaises insanity was clear when investigators went over the crime scene. Evelyn corpse had been raped and solemnizes multiple times. Her stomach had been dilute open and various organs were removed. Her throat was cut and she had been customized with a knife and there was a failed attempt to remove one of her eyeballs. Then, Richard Trenton Chase was captured by police after leaving several hand and shoe prints in blood at is last victims residence.They found even more blood caked rise in his apartment. In 1979 Chase stood trial on six counts of murder, his attorneys tried to avoid the death penalty by going the insanity route The apology was rejected. On May 8th, the Jury found Chase guilty on all six counts and he was sentenced to the gas chamber. While in prison, Chase had been eye sight a doctor who had prescribed him with antidepressants that he hoarded for weeks. He was found dead on December 26, 1980 of an apparent overdose-suicide, taking all the pills he had been saving.

Interest and Topic

CHAPTER 9Basic Macroeconomic Relationships studyQuestion numbersConsumption melt down/ armored personnel carrier/MPC 1-39Saving function/APS/ system of macrophages 40-53Shifts in using up and miserliness functions 54-69Graphs/tables mixed expending and bringing 70-106Investment demand 107-145Multiplier effect 146-181Consider This 182-183Last Word 184-185True-False 186-ccMultiple Choice Questions Consumption function/APC/MPC pillowcase A field 1 E 152 MA 152 .The most important determinant of fillr disbursal isA)the aim of household debt.B)the convey of wealth.C)consumer hopes.D)the aim of income. wait on DType D take 1 E 152 MA 1522. The most important determinant of breathing in and deliverance is theA) take aim of bank credit.B) level of income.C) quest come in.D) price level.Answer BType A consequence 1 E 156 MA 1563. If Smiths expendable income join ons from $1,200 to $1,700 and her level of saving join ons from minus $ degree Celsius to a plus $100, her fr ingy craving toA)save is three-fifths.C)consume is three-fifths.B)consume is iodin-half.D)consume is one-sixth.Answer CType A theme 1 E 156 MA 1564. With an mononuclear phagocyte system of . 4, the MPC go away beA)1. 0 minus . 4.B) . 4 minus 1. 0.C) the reciprocal of the MPS.D) . 4.Answer AType D event 1 E 156 MA 1565. The MPC can be define as that fraction of aA) form in income that is not spent.C)given quantity income that is not consumed.B) transport in income that is spent.D)given derive income that is consumed.Answer BType A number 1 E 154 MA 1546. The 45-degree variant on a graph relating expending and income showsA) inbuiltly points where the MPC is unalterable.B)all points at which saving and income atomic number 18 stir.C)all the points at which aspiration and income ar bear on.D)the measuring sticks households lead plan to save at all(prenominal) possible level of income.Answer CType A motif 1 E 154 MA 1547. As spendable income goes up theA)APC loco mote.C)volume of using up capitulations suddenly.B)APS authorises.D)volume of investiture diminishes.Answer AType D upshot 1 E 153 MA 1538. The consumption roll showsA)that the MPC out harvest-feasts in proportion to gross domestic product.B)that households consume more when wager pass judgment are low.C)that consumption depends primarily on the level of line of descent coronation.D)the amounts households plan or intend to consume at various possible levels of comed income.Answer DType D stem 1 E 153 MA 1539. The consumption document relatesA)consumption to the level of spendable income.C) available income to domestic income.B)saving to the level of disposable income.D)consumption to saving.Answer AType A emergence 1 E 153 MA 15310. A decline in disposable incomeA) cast ups consumption by moving upward along a specific consumption schedule.B) strikes consumption be father it shifts the consumption schedule downwardss.C) simplifications consumption by moving downw ard along a specific consumption schedule.D)increases consumption because it shifts the consumption schedule upward.Answer CType D Topic 1 E 154 MA 15411. The APC is figure asA)change in consumption / change in incomeC)change in income / change in consumptionB)consumption / incomeD)income / consumptionAnswer BType A Topic 1 E 153 MA 15312. The consumption schedule showsA)a educate relationship amid gather consumption and accumulated wealth.B)a direct relationship between aggregate consumption and aggregate income.C)an contrary relationship between aggregate consumption and accumulated financial wealth.D)an inverse relationship between aggregate consumption and aggregate income.Answer BType D Topic 1 E 153 MA 15313. The APC can be specify as the fraction of aA)change in income that is not spent.B)change in income that is spent.C)specific level of follow income that is not consumed.D)specific level of total income that is consumed.Answer DType G Topic 1 E 154-155 MA 154-15514. The consumption schedule in the supra diagram indicates thatA)consumers lead maximize their satisfaction where the consumption schedule and 45 line intersect.B)up to a point consumption exceeds income, further then falls below income.C)the MPC falls as income increases.D)households consume as much as they earn.Answer BType A Topic 1 E 154 MA 15415. The consumption schedule is drawn on the assumption that as income increases consumption willA)be unaffected.B)increase absolutely, but remain constant as a percentage of income.C)increase absolutely, but decline as a percentage of income.D)increase both absolutely and as a percentage of income.Answer CType A Topic 1 E 154 MA 15416. Which of the adjacent is correct?A)APC + APS = 1.B) APC + MPS = 1.C) APS + MPC = 1.D) APS + MPS = 1.Answer AType A Topic 1 E 154-156 MA 16117. The consumption schedule is such thatA)both the APC and the MPC increase as income rises.B)the APC is constant and the MPC declines as income rises.C)the MPC is cons tant and the APC declines as income rises.D)the MPC and APC mustiness be equal at all levels of income.Answer CType A Topic 1 E 154 MA 15418. For all levels of income to the left of the intersection of the 45-degree line and the consumption schedule, the APC isA)greater than 100 percent.B) less than the APS.C) equal to the MPC.D) equal to 100 percent.Answer AType A Topic 1 E 156 MA 15619. The consumption and saving schedules reveal that theA)MPC is greater than zero, but less than one.B)MPC and APC are equal at the point where the consumption schedule intersects the 45-degree line.C)APS is positive at all income levels.D)MPC is equal to or greater than one at all income levels.Answer AType A Topic 1 E 156 MA 15620. The size of the MPC is assumed to beA)less than zero.B) greater than one.C) greater than zero, but less than one.D) two or more.Answer CType A Topic 1 E 153-154 MA 153-15421. As disposable income increases, consumptionA)and saving both increase.C)decreases and saving inc reases.B)and saving both decrease.D)increases and saving decreases.Answer AType D Topic 1 E 154 MA 15422. The sightly proneness to consume indicates theA)amount by which income exceeds consumption.B)relationship between a change in saving and the consequent change in consumption.C)percentage of total income that will be consumed.D)percentage of a change in income that will be consumed.Answer CType A Topic 1 E 153 MA 15323. The relationship between consumption and disposable income is such thatA)an inverse and persistent relationship exists between consumption and income.B)a direct, but very volatile, relationship exists between consumption and income.C)a direct and relatively stable relationship exists between consumption and income.D)the two are always equal.Answer CType A Topic 1 E 156 MA 15624. If the MPC is . 8 and disposable income is $200, thenA)consumption and saving cannot be determined from the information given.B)saving will be $20.C)personal consumption expenditures wi ll be $80.D)saving will be $40.Answer AType A Topic 1 E 156 MA 15625. The MPC for an parsimoniousness isA)the pitch of the consumption schedule or line.B)the run of the savings schedule or line.C)1 dissever by the slope of the consumption schedule or line.D)1 divided by the slope of the savings schedule or line.Answer AType F Topic 1 E 158 MA 15826. In contrast to investing, consumption isA)relatively stable.B) relatively unstable.C) measurable.D) unmeasurable.Answer AUse the by-line to answer questions 27-28 Advanced analysis) Answer the next question(s) on the al-Qaeda of the quest consumption schedule C = 20 + . 9Y , where C is consumption and Y is disposable income.Type E Topic 1 E 156 MA 15627. discover to the higher up selective information. The MPC isA). 45.B) . 20.C) . 50.D) . 90.Answer DType E Topic 1 E 156 MA 15628. have-to doe with to the supra data. At an $800 level of disposable income, the level of saving isA)$180.B) $740.C) $60.D) $18.Answer CType A Topic 1 E 156 MA 15629. Which one of the following will cause a effort down along an providences consumption schedule?A)an increase in rakehell pricesC)an increase in consumer indebtednessB)a decrease in form pricesD)a decrease in disposable incomeAnswer DType G Topic 1 E 156 MA 15630. The higher up diagram shows consumption schedules for economies A and B. We can say that theA)MPC is greater in B than in A.B)APC at any given income level is greater in B than in A.C)MPS is smaller in B than in A.D)MPC is greater in A than in B.Answer DType A Topic 1 E 154 MA 15431. At the point where the consumption schedule intersects the 45-degree lineA)the MPC is 1. 00.C)saving is equal to consumption.B)the APC is 1. 0.D)the parsimoniousness is in equilibrium.Answer BType C Topic 1 E 156 MA 15632. Hollys break-even level of income is $10,000 and her MPC is 0. 75. If her actual disposable income is $16,000, her level ofA)consumption spending will be $14,500.C)consumption spending will be $13,000.B) consumption spending will be $15,500.D)saving will be $2,500.Answer AType A Topic 1 E 156 MA 15633. If Bens MPC is . 80, this means that he willA)spend eight-tenths of any increase in his disposable income.B)spend eight-tenths of any level of disposable income.C)break even when his disposable income is $8,000.D)save two-tenths of any level of disposable income.Answer AType A Topic 1 E 154 MA 15434. speak out a familys consumption exceeds its disposable income. This means that itsA)MPC is greater than 1.B) MPS is negative.C) APC is greater than 1.D) APS is positive.Answer CType E Topic 1 E 154 MA 15435. (Advanced analysis) If the par for the consumption schedule is C = 20 + 0. 8Y , where C is consumption and Y is disposable income, then the average thirst to consume is 1 when disposable income isA)$80.B) $100.C) $120.D) $160.Answer BType E Topic 1 E 156 MA 15636. (Advanced analysis) The equation C = 35 + . 75Y , where C is consumption and Y is disposable income, shows thatA)househ olds will consume three-fourths of some(prenominal) level of disposable income they receive.B)households will consume $35 if their disposable income is zero and will consume three-fourths of any increase in disposable income they receive.C)there is an inverse relationship between disposable income and consumption.D)households will save $35 if their disposable income is zero and will consume three-fourths of any increase in disposable income they receive.Answer BType E Topic 1 E 156 MA 15637. Advanced analysis) If the equation C = 20 + . 6Y , where C is consumption and Y is disposable income, were graphedA)the vertical arrest would be +. 6 and the slope would be +20.B)it would reveal an inverse relationship between consumption and disposable income.C)the vertical intercept would be negative, but consumption would increase as disposable income rises.D)the vertical intercept would be +20 and the slope would be +. 6.Answer DType A Topic 1 E 154 MA 15438. angiotensin-converting enzyme can determine the amount of any level of total income that is consumed byA)multiplying total income by the slope of the consumption schedule.B)multiplying total income by the APC.C)subtracting the MPS from total income.D)multiplying total income by the MPC.Answer BType C Topic 1 E 154, 156 MA 154, 15639. Which of the following is correct?A)MPC + MPS = APC + APSC)APC + MPC = APS + MPSB)APC + MPS = APS + MPCD)APC APS = MPC MPSAnswer A Saving function/APS/MPSType A Topic 2 E 154 MA 15440. The consumption and saving schedules reveal thatA)consumption rises, but saving declines, as disposable income rises.B)saving varies inversely with the profitability of investing.C)saving varies this instant with the level of disposable income.D)saving is inversely related to the send of reside.Answer CType D Topic 2 E 154 MA 15441. Dissaving meansA)the same thing as disinvesting.B)that households are spending more than their current incomes.C)that saving and investing funds are equal.D)that disposable income is less than zero.Answer BType D Topic 2 E 154 MA 15442. Dissaving occurs whereA)income exceeds consumption.C)consumption exceeds income.B)saving exceeds consumption.D)saving exceeds income.Answer CType A Topic 2 E 156 MA 15643. Which of the following relations is not correct?A)1 MPC = MPSB) APS + APC = 1C) MPS = MPC + 1D) MPC + MPS = 1Answer CType A Topic 2 E 154 MA 15444. The saving schedule is drawn on the assumption that as income increasesA)saving will decline absolutely and as a percentage of income.B)saving will increase absolutely, but remain constant as a percentage of income.C)saving will increase absolutely, but decline as a percentage of income.D)saving will increase absolutely and as a percentage of income.Answer DType A Topic 2 E 154 MA 15445. At the point where the consumption schedule intersects the 45-degree lineA)the MPC equals 1.B) the APC is zero.C) saving equals income.D) saving is zero.Answer DType A Topic 2 E 154 MA 15446. The saving schedul e is such that as aggregate income increases by a certain amount savingA)increases by the same amount as the increase in income.B)does not change.C)increases, but by a smaller amount.D)increases by an even turgidr amount.Answer CType A Topic 2 E 156 MA 15647. If the consumption schedule is linear, then theA)saving schedule will also be linear.C)MPC will decline as income rises.B)MPS will decline as income rises.D)APC will be constant at all levels of income.Answer AType A Topic 2 E 153 MA 15348. Given the consumption schedule, it is possible to graph the relevant saving schedule byA)subtracting the MPC from 1 at apiece level of income.B)subtracting investiture from consumption at individually level of GDP.C)plotting the horizontal differences between the consumption schedule and the 45-degree line.D)plotting the vertical differences between the consumption schedule and the 45-degree line.Answer DType A Topic 2 E 154 MA 15449. As aggregate income decreases, the APCA)and APS will both increase.C)will increase, but the APS will decrease.B)will decrease, but the APS will increase.D)and APS will both decrease.Answer CType A Topic 2 E 156 MA 15650. If the marginal propensity to consume is . 9, then the marginal propensity to save must beA)1.B) . 1.C) 1. 1.D) . 9.Answer BType A Topic 2 E 156 MA 15651. The greater is the marginal propensity to consume, theA)smaller is the marginal propensity to save.C) swallow is the average propensity to consume.B)higher is the raise straddle.D)lower is the price level.Answer AType A Topic 2 E 156 MA 15652. If the saving schedule is a straight line, theA)MPS must be constant.C)APC must be constant.B)APS must be constant.D)MPC must be rising.Answer AType A Topic 2 E 154 MA 15453. Which one of the following will cause a movement up along an parsimonys saving schedule?A)an increase in household debt outstandingC)an increase in stock pricesB)an increase in disposable incomeD)an increase in amuse treadsAnswer B Shifts in consump tion and saving functionsType D Topic 3 E 156-157 MA 156-15754. In the late 1990s the U. S. stock market boomed, causing U. S. consumption to rise. Economists refer to this outcome as theA)Keynes effect.B) interest- order effect.C) wealth effect.D) multiplier effect.Answer CType A Topic 3 E 157 MA 15755. The wealth effect is shown graphically as aA)shift of the consumption schedule.B)movement along an existing consumption schedule.C)shift of the investment schedule.D)movement along an existing investment schedule.Answer AUse the following to answer questions 56-59Type G Topic 3 E 157 MA 15756. get up to the supra graph. A movement from b to a along C1 great power be caused by aA)recession.B)wealth effect of an increase in stock market prices.C)decrease in income tax prises.D)increase in saving.Answer AType G Topic 3 E 157 MA 15757. Refer to the above graph. A shift of the consumption schedule from C1 to C2 might be caused by aA)recession.B)wealth effect of an increase in stock ma rket prices.C)increase in income tax stations.D)increase in saving.Answer BType G Topic 3 E 157 MA 15758. Refer to the above graph. A movement from a to b along C1 might be caused by aA)recession.B)wealth effect of an increase in stock market prices.C)increase in income tax rates.D)increase in literal GDP.Answer DType G Topic 3 E 157 MA 15759. Refer to the above graph. A shift of the consumption schedule from C2 to C1 might be caused by aA)increase in concrete GDP.B)reverse wealth effect, caused by a decrease in stock market prices.C)decrease in income tax rates.D)decrease in saving.Answer BType C Topic 3 E 157 MA 15760. An upward shift of the saving schedule suggestsA)nothing with respect to changes in the APC and APS.B)that the APC and APS have both decreased at each GDP level.C)that the APC and APS have both increased at each GDP level.D)that the APC has decreased and the APS has increased at each GDP level.Answer DType A Topic 3 E 157 MA 15761. Which of the following will not tend to shift the consumption schedule upward?A)a currently small stock of durable goods in the possession of consumersB)the expectation of a upcoming decline in the consumer price indexC)a currently low level of household debt.D)the expectation of future shortages of essential consumer goods.Answer BType A Topic 3 E 157 MA 15762. If the consumption schedule shifts upward and the shift was not caused by a tax change, the saving scheduleA)will not shift.C)will shift downward.B)may shift either upward or downward.D)will also shift upward.Answer CType A Topic 3 E 156 MA 15663. Which of the following will not cause the consumption schedule to shift?A)a sharp increase in the amount of wealth held by householdsB)a change in consumer incomesC)the expectation of a recessionD)a growing expectation that consumer durables will be in short supplyAnswer BType A Topic 3 E 157 MA 15764. An increase in personal taxes will shiftA)both the consumption and saving schedules downward.B)both the consum ption and saving schedules upward.C)the consumption schedule upward and the saving schedule downward.D)the consumption schedule downward and the saving schedule upward.Answer AType A Topic 3 E 157 MA 15765. If for some reason households become increasingly thrifty, we could show this byA)a downshift of the saving schedule.C)an upshift of the saving schedule.B)an upshift of the consumption schedule.D)an increase in the equilibrium GDP.Answer CType G Topic 3 E 156 MA 15666. Suppose the economys saving schedule shifts from S1 to S 2 as shown in the above diagram. We can say that itsA)MPC has increased.B)MPS has increased.C)APS has increased at all levels of disposable income.D)APS has decreased at all levels of disposable income.Answer BType C Topic 3 E 154 MA 15467. If a consumption schedule shifts upward, this ineluctably means that theA)MPC has increased.B)MPS has decreased.C)APC is now higher at each level of disposable income.D)APC is now lower at each level of disposable income. Answer CType A Topic 3 E 158 MA 15868. Assume the economys consumption and saving schedules simultaneously shift downward. This must be the result ofA)an increase in disposable income.C)an increase in personal taxes.B)an increase in household wealth.D)the expectation of a recession.Answer CType G Topic 3 E 154 MA 15469. Suppose an economys consumption schedule shifts from C1 to C2 as shown in the above diagram. We can say that itsA)MPC has increased but its APC at each income level is unchanged.B)APC at each income level is increased but its MPC is unchanged.C)MPC and APC at each income level have both increased.D)MPC and APC at each income level have both decreased.Answer CGraphs/tables mixed consumption and saving Use the following to answer questions 70-72Type T Topic 4 E 156 MA 15670. Refer to the above data. The marginal propensity to consume isA). 25.B) . 75.C) . 20.D) . 80.Answer DType T Topic 4 E 154 MA 15471. Refer to the above data. At the $200 level of disposable incomeA) the marginal propensity to save is 2? percent.C)the average propensity to save is . 20.B)dissaving is $5.D)the average propensity to consume is . 80.Answer BType T Topic 4 E 156 MA 15672. Refer to the above data. If disposable income was $325, we would expect consumption to beA)$315.B) $305.C) $20.D) $290.Answer BUse the following to answer questions 73-78Type G Topic 4 E 154 MA 15473. Refer to the above diagram. The average propensity to consume is 1 at pointA)F.B) A.C) D.D) B.Answer BType G Topic 4 E 156 MA 15674. Refer to the above diagram. The marginal propensity to consume is equal toA)AE/0E.B) CF/CD.C) CB/AB.D) CD/CF.Answer CType G Topic 4 E 154-155 MA 154-15575. Refer to the above diagram. At income level F the volume of saving isA)BD.B) AB.C) CF-BF.D) CD.Answer DType G Topic 4 E 154 MA 15476. Refer to the above diagram. Consumption will be equal to income atA)an income of E.B) an income of F.C) point C.D) point D.Answer AType G Topic 4 E 154-155 MA 154-15577. Refer to the ab ove diagram. The economy is dissavingA)in the amount CD.C)at income level H.B)at all income levels greater than E.D)at income level E.Answer CType G Topic 4 E 156 MA 15678. Refer to the above diagram. The marginal propensity to save isA)CD/EF.B) CB/CF.C) CB/AF.D) EF/CB.Answer AUse the following to answer questions 79-80Type A Topic 4 E 153 MA 15379. The above figure suggests thatA)consumption would be $60 one thousand million even if income were zero.B)saving is zero at the $120 billion income level.C)as income increases, consumption decreases as a percentage of income.D)as income increases, consumption decreases absolutely.Answer CType A Topic 4 E 154-155 MA 154-15580. Refer to the above figure. If the relevant saving schedule were constructedA)saving would be minus $20 billion at the zero level of income.B)aggregate saving would be $60 at the $60 billion level of income.C)its slope would be 1/2.D)it would slope downward and to the rightAnswer AUse the following to answer question s 81-83Answer the next question(s) on the basis of the following data for a hypothetical economy.Type T Topic 4 E 156 MA 15681. Refer to the above data. The marginal propensity to consume isA). 80.B) . 75.C) . 20.D) . 25.Answer AType T Topic 4 E 154 MA 15482. Refer to the above data. At the $100 level of income, the average propensity to save isA). 10.B) . 20.C) . 25.D) . 90.Answer AType T Topic 4 E 156 MA 15683. Refer to the above data. If plotted on a graph, the slope of the saving schedule would beA). 80.B) . 10.C) . 20.D) . 15.Answer CUse the following to answer questions 84-88Type G Topic 4 E 156 MA 15684. Refer to the above diagram. The marginal propensity to save is equal toA)CD/0D.B) 0B/0A.C) 0D/0D.D) CD/BD.Answer DType G Topic 4 E 154 MA 15485. Refer to the above diagram. At disposable income level D, the average propensity to save is equal toA)CD/BD.B) CD/D.C) D/CD.D) A/B.Answer BType G Topic 4 E 154-155 MA 154-15586. Refer to the above diagram. At disposable income level D, consumption isA)equal to CD.B) equal to D minus CD.C) equal to CD/D.D) equal to CD plus BD.Answer BType G Topic 4 E 154-155 MA 154-15587. Refer to the above diagram. Consumption equals disposable income whenA)disposable income is B.B) disposable income is D.C) CD equals A.D) B equals CD.Answer AType A Topic 4 E 156-157 MA 156-15788. The saving schedule shown in the above diagram would shift downward if, all else equalA)the average propensity to save increased at each income level.B)the marginal propensity to save rose at each income level.C)consumer wealth rose rapidly because of a significant increase in stock market prices.D)the real interest rate fell.Answer CUse the following to answer questions 89-96Answer the next question(s) on the basis of the following consumption schedules. DI signifies disposable income and C represents consumption expenditures. All figures are in billions of dollars.Type T Topic 4 E 156 MA 15689. Refer to the above data. The marginal propensity to con sume in economy (1) isA). 5.B) . 3.C) . 8.D) . 7.Answer DType T Topic 4 E 156 MA 15690. Refer to the above data. The marginal propensity to consumeA)is highest in economy (1).C)is highest in economy (3).B)is highest in economy (2).D)cannot be calculated from the data given.Answer CType T Topic 4 E 156 MA 15691. Refer to the above data. The marginal propensity to saveA)is highest in economy (1).C)is highest in economy (3).B)is highest in economy (2).D)cannot be determined from the data given.Answer AType T Topic 4 E 154 MA 15492. Refer to the above data. At an income level of $40 billion, the average propensity to consumeA)is highest in economy (1).C)is highest in economy (3).B)is highest in economy (2).D)cannot be determined from the data given.Answer BType T Topic 4 E 154 MA 15493. Refer to the above data. At an income level of $400 billion, the average propensity to save in economy (2) isA). 9125.B) . 0725.C) . 0875.D) . 9305.Answer CType T Topic 4 E 156 MA 15694. (Advanced analys is) Refer to the above data. When plotted on a graph, the vertical intercept of the consumption schedule in economy (3) is _____ and the slope is _____.A)minus $2 . 9.B) $2 . 18.C) $100 . 5.D) $2 . 9.Answer DType T Topic 4 E 158 MA 15895. Refer to the above data. Suppose that consumption decreased by $2 billion at each level of DI in each of the three countries. We can conclude that theA)marginal propensity to consume will remain unchanged in each of the three countries.B)marginal propensity to consume will decline in each of the three countries.C)average propensity to save will fall at each level of DI in each of the three countries.D)marginal propensity to save will rise in each of the three countries.Answer AType T Topic 4 E 157 MA 15796. Refer to the above data. A $2 billion increase in consumption at each level of DI could be caused byA)a decrease in consumer wealth.C)an increase in taxation.B)new expectations of higher future income.D)an increase in saving.Answer BUse the foll owing to answer questions 97-100Type G Topic 4 E 154 MA 15497. Refer to the above diagram. The break-even level of disposable incomeA)is zero.B) is minus $10.C) is $100.D) cannot be determined from the information given.Answer CType G Topic 4 E 156 MA 15698. Refer to the above diagram. The marginal propensity to consume isA). 2.B) . 8.C) . 4.D) . 3.Answer BType G Topic 4 E 156 MA 15699. (Advanced analysis) The equation for the above saving schedule isA)Yd = -20 + . 8S.B) Yd = 20 + . 2S.C) S = -20 + . 2Yd.D) S = 20 + . 8Yd.Answer CType G Topic 4 E 154-155 MA 154-155100. Refer to the above diagram. The average propensity to consumeA)is greater than 1 at all levels of disposable income above $100.B)is greater than 1 at all levels of disposable income below $100.C)is equal to the average propensity to save.D)cannot be determined from the information given.Answer BUse the following to answer questions 101-104Type G Topic 4 E 154 MA 154101. Refer to the above diagram. The break-even level of income isA)zero.B) $150.C) $60.D) $120.Answer BType G Topic 4 E 154 MA 154102. Refer to the above diagram. The average propensity to consume isA)greater than 1 at all levels of income above $150.B)greater than 1 at all levels of income below $150.C)zero.D). 6.Answer BType G Topic 4 E 156 MA 156103. Refer to the above diagram. The marginal propensity to consume isA). 4.B) . 6.C) . 5.D) . 8.Answer BType G Topic 4 E 156 MA 156104. (Advanced analysis) Refer to the above diagram. The equation for the consumption schedule isA)C = . 6Y .B) Y = 60 + . C.C) C = 60 + . 6Y .D) C = 60 + . 4Y .Answer CUse the following to answer questions 105-106 (Advanced analysis) Answer the next question(s) on the basis of the following dataType T Topic 4 E 156 MA 156105. Which of the following equations correctly represents the above data?A)Yd = 40 + . 6CB) C = 60 + . 4YdC) C = 40 + . 6YdD) C = . 6YdAnswer CType T Topic 4 E 156 MA 156106. Which of the following equations represents the saving schedule im plicit in the above data?A)S = C YdB) S = 40 + . 4YdC) S = 40 + . 6YdD) S = -40 + . YdAnswer DInvestment demandType F Topic 5 E 160 MA 160 Status New107. The investment demand curve portrays an inverse (negative) relationship betweenA)investment and real GDP.C)the nominal interest rate and investment.B)the real interest rate and investment.D)the price level and investment.Answer BType F Topic 5 E 160 MA 160 Status New108. The investment demand slopes downward and to the right because lower real interest ratesA)expand consumer borrowing, making investments more profitable.B)boost expected rates of give-up the ghosts on investment.C)enable more investment projects to be undertaken profitably.D)create tax incentives to invest.Answer CType ATopic 5 E 159 MA 159 Status New109. Other things equal, a decrease in the real interest rate willA)shift the investment demand curve to the right.B)shift the investment demand curve to the left.C)move the economy upward along its existing investmen t demand curve.D)move the economy downward along its existing investment demand curve.Answer DType A Topic 5 E 159 MA 159110. Suppose that a new machine tool having a expedient life of only one year cost $80,000. Suppose, also, that the net additional revenue resulting from get this tool is expected to be $96,000. The expected rate of fade on this tool isA)80 percent.B) 8 percent.C) 2 percent.D) 20 percent.Answer DType A Topic 5 E 159 MA 159111. Assume a machine which has a useful life of only one year costs $2,000. Assume, also, that net of such operating costs as power, taxes, and so forth, the additional revenue from the output of this machine is expected to be $2,300. The expected rate of flow on this machine isA)7. 5 percent.B) 10 percent.C) 15 percent.D) 20 percent.Answer CType A Topic 5 E 159 MA 159112. If the firm in the previous question finds it can borrow funds at an interest rate of 10 percent the firm shouldA)not purchase the machine because the expected rate of ret urn exceeds the interest rate.B)not purchase the machine because the interest rate exceeds the expected rate of return.C)purchase the machine because the expected rate of return exceeds the interest rate.D)purchase the machine because the interest rate exceeds the expected rate of return.Answer CType D Topic 5 E 159-160 MA 159-160113. The relationship between the real interest rate and investment is shown by theA)investment demand schedule.C)saving schedule.B)consumption of fixed capital schedule.D)aggregate supply curve.Answer AType A Topic 5 E 159-160 MA 159-160114. Given the expected rate of return on all possible investment opportunities in the economyA)an increase in the real rate of interest will reduce the level of investment.B)a decrease in the real rate of interest will reduce the level of investment.C)a change in the real interest rate will have no impact on the level of investment.D)an increase in the real interest rate will increase the level of investment.Answer AType A Topic 5 E 159-160 MA 159-160115. A decline in the real interest rate willA)increase the amount of investment spending.C)shift the investment demand curve to the right.B)shift the investment schedule downward.D)shift the investment demand curve to the left.Answer AType A Topic 5 E 159-160 MA 159-160116. The immediate determinants of investment spending are theA)expected rate of return on capital goods and the real interest rate.B)level of saving and the real interest rate.C)marginal propensity to consume and the real interest rate.D)interest rate and the expected price level.Answer AType A Topic 5 E 160 MA 160117. The investment demand curve suggestsA)that changes in the real interest rate will not affect the amount invested.B)there is an inverse relationship between the real rate of interest and the level of investment spending.C)that an increase in line of products taxes will tend to stimulate investment spending.D)there is a direct relationship between the real rate of interest and the level of investment spending.Answer BType T Topic 5 E 160 MA 160118. Assume there are no prospective investment projects (I) that will let up an expected rate of return (r) of 25 percent or more, but that there are $5 billion of investment opportunities with an expected rate of return between 20 and 25 percent, an additional $5 billion between 15 and 20 percent, and so on. The investment-demand curve for this economy isAnswer BType T Topic 5 E 160 MA 160119. In view of your answer to the previous question, if the real interest rate is 15 percent in this economy, the aggregate amount of investment will beA)$25.B) $20.C) $15.D) $10.Answer DType C Topic 5 E 162 MA 162120. If wrinkle taxes are reduced and the real interest rate increasesA)consumption and saving will necessarily increase.B)the level of investment spending might either increase or decrease.C)the level of investment spending will necessarily increase.D)the level of investment spending will necessarily decrease.An swer BType A Topic 5 E 162 MA 162121. Other things equal, a 10 percent decrease in corporate income taxes willA)decrease the market price of real capital goods.B)have no effect on the location of the investment-demand curve.C)shift the investment-demand curve to the right.D)shift the investment-demand curve to the left.Answer CType A Topic 5 E 162 MA 162122. The investment demand curve will shift to the right as the result ofA)the availability of excess production capacity.B)an increase in business taxes.C)businesses becoming more optimistic about future business conditions.D)an increase in the real interest rate.Answer CType A Topic 5 E 159-160 MA 159-160123. Other things equal, the real interest rate and the level of investment areA)related only when saving equals planned investment.B)unrelated.C)inversely related.D)directly related.Answer CUse the following to answer questions 124-125Answer the next question(s) on the basis of the following tableType T Topic 5 E 160 MA 160124. Th e above table reflects a(n)A)interest rate schedule.C)investment demand schedule.B)demand-for- funds schedule.D)profit schedule.Answer CType T Topic 5 E 160 MA 160125. The above schedule indicates that if the real interest rate is 8 percent, thenA)we cannot ensure what volume of investment will be profitable.B)$30 billion will be both saved and invested.C)$30 billion of investment will be undertaken.D)$60 billion of investment will be undertaken.Answer CType C Topic 5 E 162 MA 162126. Other things equal, if the real interest rate falls and business taxes riseA)investment will rise until it is equal to saving.B)we will be uncertain as to the resulting change in investment.C)we can be certain that investment will rise.D)we can be certain that investment will fall.Answer BType A Topic 5 E 162 MA 162127. The investment demand curve will shift to the right as a result ofA)an increase in the excess production capacity available in industry.B)an increase in business taxes.C)technological progress.D)an increase in the acquisition and maintenance cost of capital goods.Answer CType A Topic 5 E 162 MA 162128. The investment demand curve will shift to the left as a result ofA)an increase in the excess production capacity available in industry.B)a decrease in business taxes.C)increased business optimism with respect to future economic conditions.D)a decrease in labor costs.Answer AType A Topic 5 E 159 MA 159129. If the real interest rate in the economy is i and the expected rate of return from additional investment is r, then more investment will be forthcoming whenA)r falls.B) i is greater than r.C) r is greater than i.D) i rises.Answer CType A Topic 5 E 162 MA 162130. A rightward shift of the investment demand curve might be caused byA)an increase in the price level.B)a decline in the real interest rate.C)an increase in the expected rate of return on investment.D)an increase in business taxes.Answer CType A Topic 5 E 159 MA 159131. The real interest rate isA)the percent age increase in money that the lender receives on a loan.B)the percentage increase in purchasing power that the lender receives on a loan.C)also called the after-tax interest rate.D)usually higher than the nominal interest rate.Answer BType A Topic 5 E 160 MA 160132. When we draw an investment demand curve we hold constant all of the following pull outA)the expected rate of return on the investment.C)the interest rate.B)business taxes.D)the present stock of capital goods.Answer CType A Topic 5 E 159 MA 159133. If the nominal interest rate is 18 percent and the real interest rate is 6 percent, the inflation rate isA)18 percent.B) 24 percent.C) 12 percent.D) 6 percent.Answer CType A Topic 5 E 159-160 MA 159-160134. If the inflation rate is 10 percent and the real interest rate is 12 percent, the nominal interest rate isA)2 percent.B) zero percent.C) 10 percent.D) 22 percent.Answer DType A Topic 5 E 160 MA 160135. A high rate of inflation is likely to cause aA)high nominal interest ra te.C)low rate of growth of nominal GDP.B)low nominal interest rate.D)decrease in nominal wages.Answer AType A Topic 5 E 160 MA 160136. If the real interest rate in the economy is i and the expected rate of return on additional investment is r, then other things equalA)more investment will be forthcoming when i exceeds r.B)less investment will be forthcoming when r rises.C)r will fall as more investment is undertaken.D)r will exceed i at all possible levels of investment.Answer CType A Topic 5 E 159 MA 159137. If the real interest rate in the economy is i and the expected rate of return on additional investment is r, then other things equalA)investment will take place until i and r are equal.B)investment will take place until r exceeds i by the greatest amount.C)r will rise as more investment is undertaken.D)i will fall as more investment is undertaken.Answer AType G Topic 5 E 160 MA 160138. Assume that for the entire business celestial sphere of a mystic closed economy there is $0 worth of investment projects that will yield an expected rate of return of 25 percent or more. precisely there are $15 worth of investments that will yield an expected rate of return of 20-25 percent another $15 with an expected rate of return of 15-20 percent and similarly an additional $15 of investment projects in each successive rate of return range down to and including the 0-5 percent range. Which of the lines on the above diagram represents these data?A)AB) BC) CD) DAnswer BUse the following to answer questions 139-141Answer the next question(s) on the basis of the following information for a private closed economy. Assume that for the entire business sector of the economy there is $0 worth of investment projects that will yield an expected rate of return of 25 percent or more. But there are $15 worth of investments that will yield an expected rate of return of 20-25 percent another $15 with an expected rate of return of 15-20 percent and similarly an additional $15 of inve stment projects in each successive rate of return range down to and including the 0-5 percent range.Type G Topic 5 E 159 MA 159139. Refer to the above information. If the real interest rate is 15 percent, what amount of investment will be undertaken?A)$15B) $30C) $45D) $60Answer BType G Topic 5 E 159 MA 159140. Refer to the above information. If the real interest rate is 5 percent, what amount of investment will be undertaken?A)$15B) $30C) $45D) $60Answer DType G Topic 5 E 160 MA 160141. Refer to the above information. The expected rate of return curveA)shows a direct relationship between the interest rate and investment.B)is also the investment demand curve.C)is indeterminant.D)implies a direct (positive) relationship between the interest rate and the level of GDP.Answer BUse the following to answer questions 142-144Type G Topic 5 E 162 MA 162 Status New142. Which of the following would shift the investment demand curve from ID1 to ID2?A)a lower interest rateC)a higher interest rat eB)lower expected rates of return on investmentD)higher expected rates of return on investmentAnswer DType G Topic 5 E 162 MA 162 Status New143. Which of the following would shift the investment demand curve from ID1 to ID3?A)a lower interest rateC)a higher interest rateB)lower expected rates of return on investmentD)higher expected rates of return on investmentAnswer BType G Topic 5 E 160 MA 160 Status New144. Which of the following would increase investment, while leaving an existing investment demand curve, say, ID2, in place?A)a lower interest rateC)lower expected returns on investmentB)a higher interest rateD)higher expected returns on investmentAnswer AType F Topic 5 E 162-163 MA 162-163 Status New145. In annual percentage terms, investment spending in the United States isA)less variable than real GDP.C)less variable than the price level.B)less variable than consumption spending.D)more variable than real GDP.Answer DMultiplier effectType A Topic 6 E 164 MA 164146. The multipli er effect means thatA)consumption is typically several times as large as saving.B)a change in consumption can cause a larger increase in investment.C)an increase in investment can cause GDP to change by a larger amount.D)a decline in the MPC can cause GDP to rise by several times that amount.Answer CType E Topic 6 E 166 MA 166147. The multiplier isA)1/MPC.B) 1/(1 + MPC).C) 1/MPS.D) 1/(1 MPS).Answer CType A Topic 6 E 164 MA 164148. The multiplier is useful in determining theA)full-employment unemployment rate.B)level of business inventories.C)rate of inflation.D)change in GDP resulting from a change in spending.Answer DType D Topic 6 E 164 MA 164149. The multiplier is defined asA)1 MPS.C)change in GDP/initial change in spending.B)change in GDP ? initial change in spending.D)change in GDP initial change in spending.Answer CUse the following to answer questions 150-151Type G Topic 6 E 156 MA 156150. The above figure shows the saving schedules for economies 1, 2, 3, and 4. Which econ omy has the highest marginal propensity to consume?A)1B) 2C) 3D) 4Answer DType G Topic 6 E 166 MA 166151. The above figure shows the saving schedules for economies 1, 2, 3, and 4. Which economy has the largest multiplier?A)1B) 2C) 3D) 4Answer DType E Topic 6 E 166 MA 166 152. If 100 percent of any change in income is spent, the multiplier will beA)equal to the MPC.B) 1.C) zero.D) infinitely large.Answer DType E Topic 6 E 166 MA 166153. The multiplier can be calculated asA)1/(MPS + MPC)B) MPC/MPSC) 1/(1 MPC)D) 1 MPC = MPSAnswer CType D Topic 6 E 166 MA 166154. The multiplierA)occurs only in response to a change in the level of investment spending.B)can be found by taking the reciprocal of the MPS.C)occurs only when intended investment increases as GDP increases.D)is measured by the slope of the saving schedule.Answer BType A Topic 6 E 166 MA 166155. The size of the multiplier is equal to theA)slope of the consumption schedule.B)reciprocal of the slope of the consumption schedule.C) slope of the saving schedule.D)reciprocal of the slope of the saving schedule.Answer DType C Topic 6 E 166 MA 166156. If the MPS is only half as large as the MPC, the multiplier isA)2.B) 3.C) 4.D) 5.Answer BType A Topic 6 E 166 MA 166157. If the MPC is . 70 and gross investment increases by $3 billion, the equilibrium GDP willA)increase by $10 billion.C)decrease by $4. 29 billion.B)increase by $2. 10 billion.D)increase by $4. 29 billion.Answer AType A Topic 6 E 166 MA 166158. The numerical value of the multiplier will be smaller theA)larger the average propensity to consume.C)larger the slope of the consumption schedule.B)larger the slope of the saving schedule.D)smaller the slope of the saving schedule.Answer BType A Topic 6 E 165 MA 165159. The practical significance of the multiplier is that itA)equates the real interest rate and the expected rate of return on investment.B)magnifies initial changes in spending into larger changes in GDP.C)keeps inflation within tolerable limits.D )helps to stabilize the economy.Answer BType F Topic 6 E 166 MA 166160. The multiplierA)varies directly with the slope of the investment demand schedule.B)is unrelated to the slope of the saving schedule.C)will be greater, the smaller is the slope of the saving schedule.D)will be greater, the steeper is the slope of the saving schedule.Answer CType A Topic 6 E 166 MA 166161. The increase in income that results from an increase in investment spending would be greater theA)smaller the MPS.B) smaller the APC.C) larger the MPS.D) smaller the MPC.Answer AType A Topic 6 E 164 MA 164162. The multiplier effectA)reduces the MPC.B)magnifies changes in spending into larger changes in output and income.C)promotes stability of the general price level.D)lessens upswings and downswings in business activity.Answer BType E Topic 6 E 166 MA 166163. If the MPC is . 6, the multiplier will beA)4. 0.B) 6. 0.C) 2. 5.D) 1. 67.Answer CType C Topic 6 E 166 MA 166164. Assume the MPC is 2/3. If investment spen ding increases by $2 billion, the level of GDP will increase byA)$3 billion.B) $2/3 billion.C) $6 billion.D) $2 billion.Answer CType E Topic 6 E 166 MA 166165. The multiplier isA)1/APS.B) 1/APC.C) 1/MPC.D) 1/MPS.Answer DType A Topic 6 E 164 MA 164 Status New166. The multiplier applies toA)investment but not to net exports or government spending.B)investment, net exports, and government spending.C)increases in spending but not to decreases in spending.D)spending by the private sector but not by the public sector.Answer BType A Topic 6 E 164 MA 164167. The multiplier effect indicates thatA)a decline in the interest rate will cause a proportionately larger increase in investment.B)a change in spending will change aggregate income by a larger amount.C)a change in spending will increase aggregate income by the same amount.D)an increase in total income will generate a larger change in aggregate expenditures.Answer BUse the following to answer questions 168-173Answer the next question(s) o n the basis of the following table that illustrates the multiplier process. Type T Topic 6 E 156 MA 156168. Refer to the above table. The marginal propensity to consume isA). 5.B) . 75.C) . 8.D) . 9.Answer CType T Topic 6 E 156 MA 156169. Refer to the above table. The marginal propensity to save isA). 5.B) . 25.C) . 2.D) . 1.Answer CType T Topic 6 E 156 MA 156170. Refer to the above table. The change in income in act two will beA)$4.B) $16.C) $20.D) $24.Answer BType T Topic 6 E 164 MA 164171. Refer to the above table. The total change in income resulting from the initial change in investment will beA)$100.B) $20.C) $80.D) $200.Answer A Type T Topic 6 E 165 MA 165172. Refer to the above table. The total change in consumption resulting from the initial change in investment will beA)$100.B) $96.C) $180.D) $80.Answer DType T Topic 6 E 166 MA 166173. Refer to the above table. The multiplier in this economy isA)2.B) 4.C) 5.D) 10.Answer CType C Topic 6 E 164 MA 164174. If a $200 billion i ncrease in investment spending creates $200 billion of new income in the first round of the multiplier process and $160 billion in the second round, the multiplier in the economy isA)4.B) 5.C) 3. 33.D) 2. 5.Answer BType C Topic 6 E 164 MA 164175. If a $50 billion decrease in investment spending causes income to decline by $50 billion in the first round of the multiplier process and by $25 in the second round, the multiplier in the economy isA)2.B) 3. 33.C) 5.D) 10.Answer AType C Topic 6 E 165 MA 165176. If a $100 billion decrease in investment spending causes income to decline by $100 billion in the first round of the multiplier process and by $75 billion in the second round, income will last decline byA)$200 billion.B) $300 billion.C) $400 billion.D) $500 billion.Answer CType C Topic 6 E 165 MA 165177. If a $500 billion increase in investment spending increases income by $500 billion in the first round of the multiplier process and by $450 in the second round, income will eventual ly increase byA)$2500 billion.B) $3000 billion.C) $4000 billion.D) $5000 billion.Answer DType C Topic 6 E 166 MA 166178. If the marginal propensity to save is 0. 2 in an economy, a $20 billion rise in investment spending will increaseA)GDP by $120 billion.C)saving by $25 billion.B)GDP by $20 billion.D)consumption by $80 billion.Answer DType A Topic 6 E 166 MA 166179. A $1 billion increase in investment will cause aA)(1/MPS) billion increase in GDP.C)(1 MPC) billion increase in GDP.B)(MPS) billion increase in GDP.D)(MPC MPS) billion increase in GDP.Answer AType F Topic 6 E 166-167 MA 166-167180. The Council of Economic Advisers has estimated that the actual multiplier for the U. S. economy is approximatelyA)4.B) 3. 5.C) 3.D) 2.Answer DType F Topic 6 E 166-167 MA 166-167 Status New181. The actual multiplier effect in the U. S. economy is less than the multiplier effect in the text examples becauseA)the real-world MPS is larger than the MPS in the examples.B)in addition to saving, ho useholds use some of any increase in income to buy imported goods and to pay higher taxes.C)the gap between the nominal interest rate and the real interest rate widens as the economy expands or contracts.D)the MPC in the United States is greater than 1.Answer BConsider This QuestionsType F E 159 MA 159 Status New182. (Consider This) U. S. consumption increased between March 2000 and July 2002 even though stock values declined by $3. 7 trillion. One of the reasons was thatA)lower interest rates allowed umteen households to reduce their monthly loan payments and increase their consumption spending.B)deflation occurred, which increased purchasing power.C)economic growth accelerated relative to the prior two years.D)the unemployment rate dramatically declined.Answer AType F E 159 MA 159 Status New183. (Consider This) Part of the wealth effect of a $3. 7 trillion decline in stock values between March 2000 and July 2002 was offset by risingA)tax rates.B) interest rates.C) house values.D) expectations of future income.Answer CLast Word QuestionsType A E 167 MA 167184. (Last Word) Art Buchwalds article Squaring the Economic Circle is a humorous description ofA)a negative GDP gap.C)the marginal propensity to save.B)a positive GDP gap.D)the multiplier.Answer DType A E 167 MA 167185. Last Word) Art Buchwalds article Squaring the Economic Circle humorously describes howA)a persons decision not to buy an automobile eventually reduces many peoples incomes, including that of the person making the original decision.B)a price increase on a single product eventually leads to rapid inflation.C)an increase in imports eventually leads to a greater increase in exports.D)a government tax rate increase eventually results in the government collecting less tax revenue than earlier the tax rate hike.Answer ATrue/False QuestionsType A E 154 MA 154186. If DI is $275 billion and the APC is 0. 8, we can conclude that saving is $55 billion.Answer TrueType A E 156 MA 156187. If the MPC is c onstant at various levels of income, then the APC must also be constant at all of those income levels.Answer FalseType A E 154 MA 154188. The average propensity to consume is defined as income divided by consumption.Answer FalseType D E 156 MA 156189. 1 MPC = MPS.Answer TrueType A E 159 MA 159190. A decline in the real interest rate will shift the investment demand curve to the right.Answer FalseType A E 156 MA 156191. If the Brown familys marginal propensity to consume is 0. 70, then it will necessarily consume seven-tenths of its total income.Answer FalseType A E 156 MA 156192. 1 + MPS = MPC.Answer FalseType A E 156 MA 156193. The slope of the consumption schedule is measured by the MPC.Answer TrueType A E 159 MA 159194. A specific investment will be undertaken if the expected rate of return, r, exceeds the interest rate, i.Answer TrueType A E 163-164 MA 163-164195. Investment is highly stable it rarely changes.Answer FalseType A E 156 MA 156196. The greater the MPC, the greater the multiplier.Answer TrueType A E 166 MA 166197. If the MPS is 1, the multiplier will be 1.Answer TrueType A E 166 MA 166198. The multiplier is equal to the reciprocal of the MPC.Answer FalseType F E 164 MA 164 Status New199. The multiplier shows the relationship between changes in a component of spending, say, investment, and the consequent changes in real income and output.Answer TrueType F E 167 MA 167 Status New200. The estimate for the value of the real-world multiplier is 2.Answer True