Cache Positive Environment Essay Example for Free

Cache Positive Environment EssayAC1.1 A translation of what is meant by a positive environment In both a panorama and home a positive learning environment is crucial for children. in that location are a number of things that contribute to a positive environment. A setting or class should be engaging and dynamic place for the children attending. Creating amaze out and removing clutter helps children to feel there in orderliness in the environment in order from them to learn, having a disorganized environment commode be a distraction. Children should be provided with a clean, safe, and organized setting. Stimulating posters, pictures along with work the children have made should be put up around the setting, not only can this be engaging for the children but shows the childrens work is valued. Poster and displays should be regularly changed and updated related to the theme or topic being taught as this gives variety.The settings lay out and arrangement contributes to having a positive environment and ensuring the setting is bright and well equipped regarding toys, furniture ect. Laying down the ground rules, making the children old(prenominal) with them and are aware of the consequences if they are not followed. Children need boundaries and need to have a clear understanding of what is expected of them. Post the ground rules in the setting and always lean towards positive, rather than negative, re-enforcement of them. Give out stickers and small(a) prizes as rewards for achievement. Be generous with praise and use positive statements to reinforce positive behaviour. Practitioners should be welcoming, happy and friendly to both children and parents.AC1.2 An identification of regulatory requirements that underpin a positive environment for children and young people In September 2008 the Early historic period Foundation Stage (EYFS) came into force placing, for the first time, a legal requirement on all early years providers to comply with the Governmen ts learning, ontogenesis and welfare requirements for 0-5 year-olds. The over-arching aim of the EYFS is to help children achieve the Every Child Matters outcomes. These aims, for children and young people aged 0-19, are to be healthy, stay safe, enjoy and achieve, make a positive contribution and achieve economic well-being.EYFS states that the environment plays a key role in supporting and extending childrens development and learning. It also says to observe the child decision out what they can do and their interests. It promotes teaching and learning to ensure childrens school readiness and gives children the broad range of knowledge and skills that provide the right stand for good future progress through school and life. The EYFS also states that being outdoors has a positive impact on childrens sense of well-being and helps all aspects of childrens development.The Childcare Act 2006, Health safety at work act 1974, Care Standards Act 2006 and Safeguarding of Vulnerable Adults (where applicable) all have a helping in the regulatory requirements that underpin a positive environment.

Marijuanas Pros and Cons Essay Example for Free

Marijuanas Pros and Cons EssayHave you ever wondered what marihuana spate do to your body? Many people say marijuana is bad for the health. That it jackpot cause long term personal effects. Some actually believe that marijuana can have positive effects, such(prenominal) those for health check use. After a long research this paper will talk about the positive and the negative results of marijuana. unmatchable argument for the legalization of marijuana is that itsnt more harmful than alcohol or tobacco if it is used in moderation (Messari). There has been many often researches d one and only(a) showing that if the use the drug in moderation its non harmful at all. One of the researchers called CARDIA, proved that smoking one joint per daylight in an overall of 20 years can actually help lung function. The researchers dont know why light-to-moderate pot use might subtly improve lung function. It could be that marijuana users inadvertently train themselves to be good at the i nhalation and exhalation test because they practice deep breathing when they smoke pot, Kertesz told LiveScience.The airflow increase, then, is not necessarily an indicator of healthier lungs (Wanjek). An argument for the legalization of marijuana is that according to many doctors marijuana has medical benefits, especially for cancer patients. Marijuana has been used for medical reasons since ancient times (edicine). Medical marijuana also offers relief to patients suffering from multiple Sclerosis, Glaucoma, Alzheimers, and breast Cancer (White). Marijuana is promoted to relieve pain, control nausea and vomiting, and disturb appetite in people with cancer and AIDS.Researchers also report that Cannabis used in medical purpose decreases pressure within the eyes, therefore reduce the severity of glaucoma. Some supporters claim that marijuana has antibacterial properties, inhibits tumor growth, and enlarges the airways, which they believe can ease the severity of asthma attacks. Othe rs claim that marijuana can be used to control seizures and muscle spasms in people who have epilepsy and spinal cord injuries (Zuardi). One argument against the legalization of marijuana is that according to many researchers and medical studies marijuana is often used as a stepping-stone drug.Many doctors say Children who have used marijuana are 85 times likelier to use cocain than children who have not used marijuana (Glitter). According to Dr. Eric Voth Chairman, marijuana is a stepping-stone drug. Dr. Chairman points out in one of his interviews Yes it is, the medical literature documents this and IOM understates it. Alcohol, tobacco and marijuana all have serious primary effects only if all serve as gateway drugs. (Wanjek) An argument against marijuana is, that there are separate of long term effects caused by the drug.Many studies have investigated whether long-term use of cannabis can cause or contribute to the development of illnesses, such as heart disease, bipolar diso rder, depression, mood swings or schizophrenia (Ramstrom). A group of scientists in California examined the health status of 450 daily smokers of marijuana but not tobacco. They found that the marijuana smokers had more sick days and more doctor visits for respiratory problems and other types of illness than did a similar group who did not smoke either substance (Buddy).There are lots of adults who started in their teenage years, to smoke weed. Most of them by the age of 18 were already adicts. I started using on a lark, a dare from a best friend who said that I was too chicken to smoke a joint and drink a quart of beer. I was fourteen at that time. After seven years of using and drinking I found myself at the end of the road with addiction. I was no longer using to feel euphoria, I was just using to feel some semblance of normality. Then I started having negative feelings about myself and my own abilities.I detested the paranoia. 1 I hated looking over my shoulder all the time. I really hated not trusting my friends. I became so paranoid that I successfully drove everyone away and found myself in the terrible place no one wants to be inI was alone. Id wake up in the morning and start using and keep using throughout the day. capital of Minnesota (Marijuana Facts) There is also long term effects for men such as fertility. Reproductive hormones are lessen. In men, there is less testosterone, causing decreased sperm counts and possible erectile dysfunction by use of the drug.In women, there may be irregular periods. Both problems would result in a decreased ability to conceive but not lead to complete infertility under the consume of marijuana(Short). There are many other effects of smoking marijuana, that this paper didnt even talk about. Like the different ways marijuana can be used, to make fuel and paper. Or how it can make your no you brain slower, and kill many cell membranes. Its up to the people to decide what they choose to believe. For me, marijuana should be legalized. After all it has more benefits than negatives if its used correctly.

The Theory Of Mcdonaldization Commerce Essay

The Theory Of Mcdonaldization Commerce EssayMcDonaldization is the process by which the principles of the fast food industry have come to omit an increasing number of organizations in new fiat. This concept is the central thesis of The McDonaldization of Society 5, a book by George Ritzer. George Ritzer is a highly revered sociologist storied for his works exploring the effect of McDonalization on society. While the effects of McDonaldization brush off be upliftn all around us, raft disagree on whether they argon good or bad. Although McDonaldization has pros and cons, I believe that the positive effects that it has had on society outweigh the negative effects.The theory of Mcdonaldization identifies four primary principles which govern the actions of McDonaldized organizations efficiency, calculability, predictability, and control. Efficiency refers to an organizations ability to come its various functions as speedily, and for the lowest cost, as possible. Some congressman s of organizations attempts to increase efficiency include ATMs, self-checkout stands at the grocery store, and fast food drive-thru windows. Although efficiency is often announce as a benefit to the consumer, and some whiles is, it dejection lead to several draw bandagings. ATMs and self-checkout stands can take longer than traditional systems and force customers to perform work that was primitively performed for them.Calculability refers to the element of McDonaldization by which everything in an organization is quantifiable. This often leads to quantity as a replacement for quality. This can be seen in fast food commercials which tenseness on the large size and s heart cost of hamburgers instead of the taste. It also has ties to efficiency (it is easier to identify efficient or inefficient processes if they are quantifiable) and predictability. Predictability is the process by which organizations eliminate any unexpected or unwanted outcomes, as well as any surprise or variab ility at all, in products and services. An example of this is that any mall in a given geographical region generally has the same shops and a similar layout as compared with any other mall in the given region.The final principle of McDonaldized organizations is control. This largely refers to the control of humans through nonhuman technologies. Nonhuman technologies are technologies, such as barcode scanners, computers, or even up rules and regulations, which remove human variability from processes and control people. Obviously this has a strong connection to predictability as well (Ritzer, 2008).What different perspectives can we go for to give out McDonaldization?In the book Reframing Organizations Artistry, Choice, and Leadership, the authors, Lee G. Bolman and Terrence E. Deal, suggest apply designs to test the effects of socological phenomenons, such as McDonaldization, on society. Frames are essentially different perspectives which individuals can use to regard situati ons, make judgements, analyze organizations, ect. The author suggests four frames the structutal frame, human resource frame, symbolic frame, and the governmental frame. I feel that the structural, human resource, and symbolic frame are serviceable in analyzing McDonaldization.The structural frame is highly goal-oriented and systematic. It focuses on tasks, facts, and logic.This is definitely the nigh pervasive frame used by leaders such as pecker Kroc and those at other McDonaldized institutions. The four cornerstones of McDonaldization, efficiency, predictability, calculability, and control, are a major result of this almost purely structural perspective of the organization. After all, the primary metaphor for organizations chthonian the structural frame is that of a machine or factory. One could argue that the characteristics valued in machines or factories are the very same characteristics that culminate in the four cornerstones of McDonaldization. Furtherto a greater outc ome, the structural perspective is heavily concerned with rules, policies and technology, a nonher striking similarity to McDonaldization which uses stringent rules and procedures and relies on nonhuman technology to achieve its goals of predictability and efficiency (Bolman Deal, 2008).another(prenominal) characteristic of McDonaldization and leaders in McDonaldized organizations which occurred to me while researching Ritzers theory is their equivalence to systemizers. Systemizers see organizations through a structural frame and rely on numbers and calculations to analyze organizations. They do not focus on the human aspect of organizations (Leavitt, 2007). I feel that McDonaldized organizations share the same perspective as systemizers and encourage the development of systemizers inside themselves. Not only are employs treated in a theory X, systemizing manner but so are customers. Customers are herded in, processed, and shipped out like cows in a slaughter house.At this point I would like to briefly discuss the selection of the term McDonaldization to explain this societal phenomenon. I earn that McDonaldization is just a term used to describe the spread of characteristics valued by some(prenominal) modern organizations, and I will admit it is a germinal one, however McDonalds was far from the first organization to implement this very structural system focusing on factors such as efficiency, calculability, predictability, and control. Earlier figures, such as Fredrick Taylor and Henry Ford, implemented these characteristics long before Ray Kroc and McDonalds. Perhaps the title of Ritzers central concept should have been Taylorization or Fordization.The human resource frame suggests that organizations live on to fulfill the human needs of consumers and employees alike. I feel that the human resource frame by far has the weakest representation within McDonaldized organizations and the limited implementation of it which we do see is very superficial. The human resource frame sees organizations as an extended family that is concerned with people, relationships, skills, and empowerment (Bolman Deal, 2008). These elements brushing with the principles of efficiency, predictability, control, and calculability so they have been all but eliminated. This is divulge of the reason that McDonalds tends to higher teenagers or young, uneducated people. These people are easier to control and more willingly accept the mind-numbing, repetitive tasks associated with McDonaldized jobs.If McDonalds truly did care about people we would see them treat their employees differently. There is a strong theory X approach to counseling in McDonaldized organizations. The principles of McDonaldized organizations lend themselves to this type of approach. I do not think that the problem is with their ultimate goals, which I would argue are efficiency and predictability, I think the problem is with their means to achieving these goals, calculability and control . Because McDonalds treats their employees in a theory X manner they must rely on calculability and control to achieve their goals (Bolman Deal, 2008).I think it is important that McDonaldized organizations reframe in order to bring some humanity back to their workplace. One suggestion I would make to help reframe these organizations is to abandon the theory X approach and move to a theory Y approach of management (Bolman Deal, 2008). By empowering employees, cultivating their skills, and using positive motivational techniques they can reach their goals without relying so heavily on control and calculability. Reductions in the amount of control and calculability would allow for more autonomy within the workplace and increased humanization.The symbolic frame looks at the importance and significance of symbols, practices, rituals, and customs of a particular organization. McDonaldized organizations have begun exploiting the symbolic frame in an attempt to persuade society that they truly are compassionate organizations. Using McDonalds as an example we can see a multitude of cultural transmitters. The Ronald McDonald House charity, Happy Meal toys, the Happy Meals themselves, Playgrounds, the Im loving it slogan, Ronald McDonald (and other characters), the golden arches, etc. can all be seen as cultural transmitters. These transmitters are knowing to portray the underlying meaning and values which McDonalds wants the public to believe it embraces (Bolman Deal, 2008). The playgrounds and Ronald McDonald House charity, for instance, are meant to portray McDonalds as a carrying organization which values the wellness of your family and the communities they break d ingest in.I believe that McDonalds exploitation of the symbolic frame goes back to their very weak application of the human resource frame. Because the ideals of the human resource frame clash so greatly with the principle of McDonaldized organizations they must portray an atmosphere of caring and co mpassion through alternative means. This is why they dedicate so much time to developing cultural transmitters and exploiting the symbolic frame. This poses a very serious ethical dilemma. The practice of organizations portraying values and beliefs that they do not actually hold is misleading and dishonest. In the end it may do more damage to the organization than it does good (Bolman Deal, 2008).Although I am not going to focus on Bolman and Deals political frame, I feel that it is important to briefly mention here. People have begun realizing that McDonaldized organizations are portraying false images and the organizations have received bad press. In response, they began using political techniques to build coalitions and gain support within society. Also, I feel that McDonaldized organizations view the market place as a jungle and are competitiveness for their share of the scarce resources or money (Bolman Deal, 2008).Advantages and Disadvantages of McDonaldizationMuch of the l iterature on McDonaldization exclusively focuses on the negative aspects of the phenomenon and does not make a strong victimize letter between employees and consumer in McDonaldized systems. Authors tell the terrors of a McDonaldized death, McDonaldized systems ravaging the environment, the mind-numbing tasks involved with McDonaldized jobs, and the frustrations of attending a McDonaldized educational institution.Admittedly, even I have focused primarily on the negative aspects of McDonaldization up to this point, but what are the advantages of McDonaldization and from whose perspective? In my opinion, Ritzer and others do a very lack luster job of clearly identifying the advantages associated with McDonaldization for consumers. I am not disputing that there are disadvantages associated with McDonaldization or even saying that advantages outweigh disadvantages or vice versa. I simply feel that in order to analyze any situation effectively we must consider the pros and cons from al l perspectives and through all frames or perspectives.Two primary advantages of McDonaldization are convience and afforadability. Modern US society is an on-the-go, fast paced environment which values convenience. I am no exception to this phenomenon. When I go to Wal-Mart I just want to get my toothpaste, or some(prenominal) item I came for, and go. I am not looking to create personal relationships with the people that serve me my food or ring up my groceries. between my coworkers, peers at school, bosses, professors, family, friends, and my boyfriend I already feel as though I am downing in personal relationships. The ability to conveniently and quickly complete daily tasks affords me more time to do the things I care about. For instance I can even manage my own bank calculate or check my email in the centerfield of the night. This would probably not be possible without some degree of McDonaldization.Affordability is another major advantage of McDonaldization. McDonaldization h as allowed regular, middle class people to afford luxuries that even the richest men could not have dreamed of many years ago. While sitting in the Coffee noggin not long ago I saw a homeless man surfing the web and playing a DVD on his take-a panache computer. McDonaldized systems have made this possible. Many products which were once very expensive are now accessible to almost everyone in developed nations. The wealth of information offered by the internet, as well as many products and services that were in all likelihood made possible by McDonaldization, cannot be over looked or downplayed when analyzing the effects of McDonaldization on society.How can we deal with McDonaldization?Some people have described McDonaldization as a cage. The image of an iron cage represents society as a whole surround by a rationalization system (Ritzer, 2003). Perhaps it is because I am a product of a McDonaldized society, but I certainly would not use the metaphor of a cage to describe McDonal dization. Although the cage-like image may fit to a certain degree, it is certainly not an iron cage because escape carcass an easy option for most people (Ritzer, 2003). McDonaldization only dominates our lives to the extent which we allow it to dominate our lives. I exploit McDonaldization to obtain the advantages discussed in this paper and in no way does McDonaldization take advantage of me. For this reason, I think describing McDonaldization as a cage is a narrow-minded, deceptive portrayal.That being said, I feel there are several simple steps that those who do not prefer McDonaldized systems can take to deal with McDonaldization. Consumers, especially, have a great deal of freedom with the way they handle McDonaldization. After all, the ultimate choice is theirs. If they have a high level of distain for McDonaldized organizations they can simply desist from patronizing them. In my personal opinion, the most important step is to avoid the invasion of McDonaldization into ones personal life. My own family has done things such as avoiding McDonaldized meals and outings. I think this has helped us to cultivate strong, healthy relationships in our personal lives.Employees of McDonaldized systems, on the other hand, have a very limited amount of freedom when it comes to dealing with McDonaldization. Those in managerial position can subtly resist by doing things such as employing Maslows hierarchy of needs and a theory Y management approach (Bolman Deal, 2008). Of Course this only works to the extent that their bosses allowing it to go on. Im afraid that lower level employees are only afforded one option for dealing with McDonaldization (but it is probably the best option), Education. McDonaldized organizations, and their mind-numbing, mundane jobs, are here to stay. For many the last line of defense is education. I myself am going to school for this specific reason. Unfortunately, those employed in McDonaldized jobs are armed with little more than their cre ative thinking and critical thinking skills to survive in the meantime.ConclusionMcDonaldization is the processes through which the principles of the fast food industry, efficiency, predictability, calculability, and control, have come to dominate an increasing number of organizations in modern society (Ritzer, 2008). McDonaldization can lead to several disadvantages, such as dehumanized jobs and services, and several advantages, such as convenience and affordability. These advantages and disadvantages are proliferated primarily through a stringent application of Bolman and Deals (2008) structural frame and use of the systemizer perspective (Leavitt, 2007).Although McDonaldized organizations use the symbolic frame to create the perception that they care about their employees, communities, and clientele, it is largely superficial. For example, McDonalds uses symbols such as the Ronald McDonald House charity, playgrounds, and friendly characters (such as Ronald McDonald) to give the i llusion that they truly care about people. If they truly did care about people we would see a stronger implementation of the human resource frame within their organization. One possible approach to this problem would be for them to use a theory Y approach to achieve their goals of efficiency and predictability and reduce their dependence on calculability and control (Bolman Deal, 2008).Consumers who do not like McDonaldization can simply avoid patronizing McDonaldized organizations as much as possible. Employees of McDonaldized organizations, on the other hand, will likely have to rely on education to help them obtain better, less McDonalized jobs. Most likely McDonaldized organization will be around for many years to come. McDonaldization has invaded nearly every aspect of society. Even George Ritzers book, The McDonaldization of Society 5, which denounces the evils of McDonaldization is itself McDonaldized. It is highly structured, repetitive, and predictable at times. He even in cludes a instructors CD ROM with suggested essay questions for educators, thus aiding in McDonaldizing the educational process. People should stop fighting McDonaldization and learn to exploit it. In the end, McDonaldization can only dominate our lives to the extent that we allow it to. As a busy college student, I feel that Mcdonaldization is a great thing, if you use it cautiously. College students often run short on time especially because they have so many things going on. Online classes, Internet databases, and collaborative websites such as Google Docs, all of which were made possible at least partially due to McDonaldization, make the college experience more accessible and manageable. Instead of letting McDonaldization take advantage of us we must use McDonaldization to our own advantage.

Cross Cultural Pragmatic Perspective For Classroom Teaching

Cross Cultural Pragmatic Perspective For Classroom tenetIntroductionCross-culture pragmatics, as a new subject of manner of speaking get a line, is based on the developments of pragmatics theories. It hybrids Anthropology, Translation, Communication, Sociology and Pragmatics in concert and gets wide influence on future words study. Scholars from disparate countries atomic number 18 al delegacys focusing on the problems which language learners always made in their second language using to compare with their native language comprehension. Cross-culture pragmatics is the study of interrelationship communication between people who are from different culture cathode-ray oscilloscopes. So behind the language usage dissimilaritys is the huge diversity of cultures which influence the actions and sentiment of people.Core DefinitionsPragmatics is the study of meaning in context of use. It deals with particular utterance in particular discourse and situation and is especi entirelyy con cerned with the various ways in which many accessible contexts of language per spurtance chamberpot influence interpretation. In other terms, pragmatics is concerned with the way language is used to communicate rather than the way it is structured.Cross-culture pragmatics developed since 1950s in America when Chomsky1957 developed his grammar-based approach to language acquisition. Lado (1957) had published his book Linguistics Across coating which can be considered as a milest unity to cross-culture pragmatics. It shows the differences between this new subject and comparative linguistics. In his view, comparative linguistics should focus on the differences among languages especially give a authoritative comparison of the target language, native language and their culture to get the relation from meaning and distribution. Individuals tend to transfer the forms and meanings and the distribution of forms and meanings of their native language and culture to the contradictory lang uage and culture some(prenominal) productively and when attempting to speak the language and to act in the culture and receptively when attempting to grasp and understand the language and culture as get alongd by natives. From then on, others like Charles Morris considered that the study of language should be parceled into syntax, semantics and pragmatics while received researchers at least in the past have seen pragmatics as a fuzzy area, possibly not deserving of being categorized as a separate and main field. (Thomason,1973162).Thomason (1973) thinks that the status of pragmatics is much less clear, if such(prenominal) a discipline exists at all, it is very under-developed . The definition of culture whitethorn be ambiguous with some considering it largely related to ethnicity while sociologists and others (Dash, P.2003) consistent to croup (1992) may see it as inclusive of social groups, some of which may be independent of ethnic consideration ( Dash, P., 2004).Failure is a n irreplaceable design in cross-culture pragmatics from which linguists could get valuable evidences to investigate the language communication and analyze the reason of pragmatic failure. That which is related to cross- ethnic failure is referred to as pragmalinguistic failure whereas that which has a non- heathen introduction due to the social relationships and positions between individuals is referred to as sociolinguistic failure (Thomas, 198399).Leech (1983) analyzed the different importance of politeness applying into cultures and the informative intent or the strong belief meaning, and the other the communicative intent or utterer meaning. The powerfulness to comprehend and produce a communicative act is referred to as pragmatic competence which much includes whizzs knowledge most the social distance, social status between the speakers involved, the cultural knowledge such as politeness, and the linguistic knowledge explicit and implicit (Kasper, 1997). outside(prenomi nal) language learners are easily to put their own culture to the target language learning which constantly causes pragmatic failures and thus affects the effectiveness of trans-cultural communication. Thin (1984) writes in his book that, literal meaning has little, if any relevance to the use of spoken language in social life. Just (2001) further investigates, much of what we state about others, we have not derived from their statements but from their behaviour. From their point, interpreting pragmatic failure could not ignoring the cultural basis and social belief. Green (1996) especially demonstrated that the central notion is that pragmatics must include belief, excogitations (or goal) plan and act. Differences in the way of speaking with different languages are profound and systematic, andreflect, and can be explained, in terms of differences in cultural traditions, cultural values, and cultural priorities( Wierzbicka 200321).It will lose its meaning when language learners use their language without their belief and innate cultural comprehension. The verbal expressions of the language will similarly fade and lose their vivacity.Cross-pragmatics communication failureIt has be beard in mind for all the teachers of pragmatics in their classroom belief that it is most important cross-cultural risk of pragmatic pitfalls for a certain group of learners who are really in it. For this concern, language teachers especially L2 teacher should be careful to explain the difference of pragmatic usage of communication to vacate cross-cultural misunderstandings. For example, Chinese put modesty as their primary politeness , for this reason , they would criticize themselves to others especially when they are praised by others. I remember an interesting conversation happened between a Chinese girl and an Aussie girl.A I love your dress, it is amazingC No, no, it is merely an ordinary dress.Then the conversation fell into ice. It is convention for westerner especially side speaker to say Thank you when their dress are appreciated by others. But in this case, the Chinese girl used her chi-English thinking and directly translated her native language thinking into English to say no. The Aussie girl may think her aesthetic taste being laughed. It is ironic that it is the culture difference causes the misunderstanding.Another example happened in students from Asian countries especially Japan, Korea and China. Teachers from western culture background may find that it is difficult to permit those students to call their given name directly without using the title Mr, MS or Professor. These Asian countries are greatly influenced by Confucius and Mencius. Teachers and elders are assessed and their authority must not be challenged. In day-to-day conversation, this hierarchical difference would be more obvious, students or the materialisation must use title or honorific pronouns to call the teachers or the elders. Or else they would be criticized by the public. Although they will get used to the western social manners, they still bear the cultural thinking.The idea of number is so universal in the sense that it is readily accessible to all humankind beings and it is expressed in the lexical structure of all languages. However, not all languages have a grammatical category of number. As we know, English recognizes a lucidion between one and more that one ( singular and plural). This distinction has to be expressed morphologically, by assign a suffix to a noun or by changing its form in some other way to indicate whether it refers to one or more than one boy/boys, box/boxes, man/men, and person/people. The form of a noun in Chinese does not normally indicate whether it is singular or plural.A May is leaving Nanjing for Beijing tomorrow.B Dont forget to take the twain luggages with you.Of course, it is typically a chi-English conversation. In this communication, pragmatic failure has come out. Luggage is a collection noun and als o an uncountable one. The plural form of the word luggage should be expressed as two pieces of luggage. So B should say Dont forget to take the two pieces of luggage with you.In social cultural concerning, dead is a forbidden word in Chinese culture, Chinese people always use pass away or other word to replace the word DEAD. So in Arabic numbers , Chinese always avoid and unlike the figure 4. Because it shares the same pronunciation with the word dead in Chinese. It is near the same as westerners unlike number 13 and thinks it unlucky. Although both of them are superstitious, they are the part of the culture. As a ordinary language learners , he has to respect it and not to judge.Furthermore, privacy is not often be discussed in public in western countries, many English speakers may feel weird and disquieting when people ask them about it.Chinese people always talk about family, marriage and job. But no offense, they just treat them as normal topic to arise the conversation. Howev er, if the English speaker refused harshly, the conversation will be placed on iceberg. Both of the speakers will feel awkward.In hip-pop and rap culture, as a popular music culture. The lyrics always include some abbreviation and jargons having hidden meaning which people hard to understand. Even the native English speaker cannot comprehend. Because it represents the typically Negro street culture in United States. This also can approves that within a big cultural circle, there always exists splendid cultural. For this sake , we could know cross-cultural could not however exists between countries but different ethnic groups or other groups.Another examples is the Japanese word Sumimasen Versus I am sorry. English speakers might think that Japanese apologize more frequently than they really do because Sumimasen is always be heard in daily life. Sumimasen can be translates as I am sorry and be uses for apology however, it can also be used in other purposes. in that respect seven functions of it (Ide, 1998510). It can be used to convey sincere apologies, sumimasen was also used to express thanks, to convey a mixture of thanks and apologies, as a preliminary a request, as an attention-getter , as actual-taking device, and more ritualistically as advice to confirm what someone has sais or simply to acknowledge it. It carries pragmatic and ritualistic functions that extend beyond conveying the semantic meaning of regret or gratitude in actual discourse. So when English speakers hear Sumimasen as frequently as they say I am sorry they think the meaning of these two words are equivalent.Though it is unavoidable to make pragmatic failure during cross-cultural communication, we should consider how to amend the office of cross-cultural communication since the target students are second language learners. We need to offer a few qualifications related to the issue of how to become a more competent communicator. First, the major cultural barriers to the cross-cultu ral communications, stereotyping and prejudice, misusing of power, culture shocks, and ethnocentrism, etc. Secondly, because communication is an activity that has a consequence, we must continually ask ourselves id we are behaving in a way that harms our communication partners. For example, do not shake your left hand with people come from India, because left hand symbolize dirt and evil luck. The most important way of how to improve the ability of the cross-cultural communication is following some basic advice such as knowing yourselves, considering the physical and human setting, seeking a shares code, developing empathy, encouraging feedback and learning about cultural adaptation, etc. All these can help improve cross-cultural communication. It has become required to us to improve the ability of cross-cultural communication. In my opinion, it is also a hard job for teacher themselves to improve their ability of cross-cultural communication.In classroom teaching, teachers hope t he students from different cultural backgrounds to show their difference language usage or reactions towards the same things in front of the whole class. But students who notice the intention sometimes are not willing to take the chalks which may make them feel embarrassed like the animals in the zoo. As Thomas (1983) writes, ..speaking good English does not necessarily mean conforming to the norms of the culturally hegemoic strata. The teachers might well know different culture through their teaching, the key point is they shouldnt bear the discriminations to certain culture. If the teacher cannot keep his neutrality, students from certain cultural background may feel hurt and inferior. Mangubhai (1997) states, Nonetheless, it is possible to discern certain patterns of behavior, or primary tendencies within a cultural or sub-cultural group that permit one to address learners as a group. Grouping the students and respecting their own culture would be the fundamental rule for all la nguage teachers.Classroom ImplicationsThere are some implications for cross-cultural language teachers in their classroom teaching to eliminate the pragmatic failure and cultural misunderstanding. irrelevant language teaching should be entered at all levels of linguistic knowledge words, sentences, discourse penetration pragmatic knowledge to enhance the ability to use language learners so that students understand the language reflected in the pragmatic rules, values and social ideas. Through the two cultures, two languages contrast, look for, and point out their differences in order to avoid linguistic pragmatic failure.Foreign or second language teachers when they are in the teaching process should pay special attention to the custom of a particular form of language-oriented English speech act realization and understanding of differences in speech act. In vocabulary teaching, the students are supposed not only to understand the terms of intention, but also pay attention to the ir cultural meaning and proper use, in particular the taboo words. In oral practice and translation practice, different usage of words and expressions should be emphasized through certain discourse and contexts. Provide a lot of cross-cultural communication context to its recommend sources and materials relevant to the subject of the foreign cultures of extra-curricular books to enhance the learners understanding of foreign cultures and improve their practical application ability. To encourage the students to investigate the culture barrier themselves and let them to talk more with the native speaker of the target language will fasten the process of culture immersion.In communication, language is the basic unit of discourse. Thus, the ability to foster communicative discourse on the need to develop capacity. The so-called discourse capability refers to the students master the discourse on the basis of knowledge of the mechanisms of intersection can be quickly and accurately grasp t he basic content of discourse and the central idea, in-depth understanding of the communicative value of text, students with strong reading ability and listening comprehension. Can be combined with the ability to read and write the language heard of synchronized and coordinated manner. The challenge for language teachers is to present knowledge about culture in such a way that learners come to recognize, through nonjudgmental comparison, both the existence of their own system and that of the other language/culture. linguistic process teachers must not only act as a good teaching instructors, administrators, evaluators, but also to act as lifelong learners and teaching the role of researchers. Pragmatic abilities as related to pragmatics, cross-cultural communication studies, second language acquisition research, foreign language teaching and other fields of inter-disciplinary issues, so the teacher must establish a life-long learning invention, lay a solid basic skills, and focus on their own knowledge structure updates. Language teachers in cross-cultural teaching background should expand the breadth and depth of their knowledge, and continuously develop their pragmatic competence in order to ensure the professed(prenominal) competence of adaptability, do a good job nurturing students who pragmatic competence.Feedback plays a key role in learners progress in culture competence. A teacher can give feedback in the role of an L2 instructor who points out learners mistakes, presents correct models, or direct learners to self-correct. Alternatively, a teacher can provide feedback as one interlocutor in the interaction, who responds to the other interlocutors remarks and behaviors with natural conversational prompt for repetition, clarification, or self-correction (Noda, 1998).Performing a culture in each case should aim to gain a memory focused on pleasingthe subjects of the remembering so they will want to continue the conversing (Walker,2000). The ability t o discern others response and adjust ones behaviors because isan important skill that contributes to learners overall competence in C2 communication.Therefore, when learners performance is culturally incorrect, responding as an interlocutor in the interaction is one option in boastful feedback. Since this kind of feedback is implicit and time-consuming, when it causes confusion or is not applicable in classroom instruction, explicitly correcting learners can always be an alternative option.Kramsch (1991 229) refers to it as cultural competence, and asserts that it can best be developed in a structured learning environment, here conscious parallels can be drawn, where language can be explicitly linked to its meaning in a particular sociocultural and historical context, where disparate linguistic or cultural phenomena can be brought together and attached to more abstract principles of both base (C1) and target (C2) language and culture. Teachers should continually deepen their under standing of both C1 and C2 by reading studies from a mixing of sources that help identify and analyze cultural patterns in the series of isolated cultural facts which they experience or teach about.ConclusionAs supported by the definitions by Mangubhai and Son (2003) and Hatch (1992) in respect to an utterance, its underlying meaning and intention derived from specific context represents pragmatics(Dash, 2004). Both Morris (in Thomason, 1973) and Green (1989) separate out pragmatics to semantics and it is this separation, which call for to be imparted in defining to teachers and students how to generate a real improvement in pragmatic competence.Well-organized role play and multi-media displaying authentic and successful pragmatics usage crossways different cultural against the examples of more frequent cross-cultural pragmatic failure may be a start to guide the students to successful pragmatic strategies . Culture changes through times, the materials language teachers use may b e out of date, the teacher could ask the students to correct mistakes and discuss it through groups to clear the misunderstanding.In an attempt to explore the roles of cultural values and cultural themes curriculum, learners learn doing things in a culturally appropriate manner, which automatically results in a procedural knowledge of C2 cultural themes. L2 learners also develop descriptive knowledge on cultural themes and cultural values through explicitly learning information on the two.Culture has a distinct personality the use of language must be followed. Culture rules, in other words, culture determines thinking, decision. In this sense, the difference in language use can not be avoided. It takes time to implant the pragmatic ability only in classroom teaching. It will be a long journey for both students and teachers to experience the cultural difference in their life and process of learning. However, study the culture of target language including manners, customs and cultural formation of the correct concept will have positive effect on pragmatic competence.(3214 words)

Banking Structures and Regulation in the UK

Banking Structures and decree in the UKPart 1Bank Structure and Regulation in the UKThe uks hopeing system falls into the restricted universal category because banks are discouraged from owning commercial concerns. It is made up of commercial banks consisting of the big bang uk banks, HSBC (Hong Kong snatch Banking Corporation), the Royal Bank of Scotland group, HBOS (Halifax Bank of Scotland) and Barclays, with tier 1 capital in 2005 ranging from $35 billion (HSBC) to $19 billion (Barclays) and the group together with about a dozen or so another(prenominal) major banks including Lloyds-TSB ($ 2.5 billion), abbey national, standard chartered and Alliance and Leicester ($ 2.5 billion). The big four, and some of the other banks, engage in retail, wholesale and investiture banking, and some have insurance subsidiaries. By the turn of the century, many of the usageal English merchant had been bought by foreign concerns, beginning with Deutsches purchase of Morgan Grenfell bank in 1988. Kleinwort Benson was bought by Dresdner, and the Warburgs by the union bank of Switzerland. Barings having collapsed in 1995 was bought by ING, but Later closed.Some construct societies converted to banks following the take a shit societies propel,1986. Effective January 1987, the Act allowed building societies to convert to bank plc status, to be supervised by bank of England and protected from hostile takeover for five years. Most of the top ten (by the size) building societies in 1986 had, by the naked century, given up their mutual status. The early transitions were Abbey National (1989), Bristol and west, Cheltenham and Gloucester (1992 a subsidiary of Lloyds TSB). Building societies that converted between 1995-7 were the Halifax (after a uniting with Leeds BS), Alliance Leicester, Northern Rock and Woolwich (taken over by Barclays in 2000). Birmingham Midshires was purchased by the Halifax in 1999 Bradford Bingly converted in 2000.Building societies have a long accounting in British retail finance. Member of the a high society paid subscriptions, and once there was enough funding, a selection procedure determined the outgrowth who would receive funds for house purchase or building. In 1945 permanent societies began to form, members kept a share a (deposit) account at a society and could, after intent of time, expect to be granted a mortgage. Over time, depositor and mortgages were not necessarily from the same group.As mutual organisation, every customer (depositor or borrower) has a share in the society, with the salutary to vote on key managerial change. Each vote carriesthe same weight, independent of the size of deposit mortgage or loan.In 1984, an informal but effective cartel linking the building societies dissolved after Abbey National broke ranks,(2008 Abbey bank merger with European bank Santander) by the time, many of the large societies viewed the big four and other banks as their primary(prenominal) competitor. The Buildi ng Societies Act (1986) took effect in January 1987, and allowed building societies to offer a full range of retail banking services typical of a bank. The Act specified the fiscal activities a building society could undertake, namelyOffering a money transmission service through cheque books and credit cards.Personal loans, unsecured.Foreign currency exchange.Investment management and advice.Stock broking.Provision and underwriting of insurance,Expansion into other Eu states.Real estate services.However, there important restrictions 90% of the building societys asset had to be resident mortgage, and wholesale money plus deposit could not exceed 20% of liabilities, subsequently raised to 40% then 50%.In 1986 act also gave these organisations the option of converting to bank status and as a results, the list of building societies fell dramatically as table1.1 showsThe enthronement banking industry is dominated by major us and European banks including Goldman sachs, Morgen Stenly, L ehman Brothers, Merrill Lynch, uBS, Deutsche bank and credit Suisse. In additions the main uk banks also have investment banking subsidiaries (e.g. Barclays Capital). There are few independent uk merchant banks as most have been acquired by overseas investment and commercial banks.Recent varietys in Retail banking complex body partTo operate in the retail markets, bank have traditionally required an extensive branch network. However, technological developments in particular the growth in automated teller machine (ATM) networks, telephone/internet banking, mobile phones and interactive digital television have enabled a new type of bank to emerge that does not need branches to conduct business. In uk the pioneer was prime(prenominal) Direct, which began as a telephone bank in 1989 and is an operation of HSBC, one of the large clear banks. By 2002 First Direct had around 1 million customer and offered a full range of retail bank services, from cheque accounts to personal loans. Ov er half of the customers First Direct regularly use internet to access their account. Most of the other established banks in the uk have followed the lead of HSBC and started up a remote banking service that allows customers to access their account using the telephone, internet or mobile phone. The british Bankers association (2002) account that, in 2001, one third of all bank accounts were accessed through the telephone or internet. Of these remote transactions, it is the internet that now dominates, accounting for 167 million transaction in 2001 compared with 127 million telephone transactions. In late 1980s numbers of branch declined because of technology innovation. the introduction of ATMs (at the branch and remote location grew significantly. there was also a substantial growth in electronic funds transfer at point of sale (EFTPOS) terminals from 4,640 in 1993 to 8,984 in 1997 further reflecting the trend to supplement tradition with new distribution channels. These terminals are placed in retail stores, shopping centres , petrol stations and so on.That process credit and debit cards payments. The number of such terminals is believed to have exceed 11000 by 2004. Some of the banks proved pay-in machines out side the banks branches for 24/7. The reason for shifts from branches to other means of financial service firms proclivity to improve operating efficiency as well as customers increase demands to access banking services outside traditional hours.As the banks and building societies branches fall speedily the unemployment summation. The fall in staff employed is particularly noticeable for retail banks (it fell by round 75,000 between 1990 and 1996), although retail bank employment increased from then onwards by over 45,000 to reach just over 346000 by the of 2004. But from early 2008 to 2009 many branches closed because of recession (banking crisis), and by 2010 RBS plc leave alone closed 300 more branches, in results 3,500 bank staff will become jobless. The increased in employment after 1996 is im couchable to building societies conversion to bank plc. In addition there has been a substantial increase in employment by foreign banks since 1996 up to 2001 reflecting the booming capital markets drill of foreign owned investment banks in London.The graph shows that all the main banks have maintained relatively stable staff levels in recent years. It should say that RBS acquired NatWest in 2000, large decline in NatWest is mirror by the increased at Royal Bank of Scotland. In 2004 330,700 staff were employed by study Bank British Groups. Interesting to note that 63 per cent were female, of whom 76,300 were employed as part time worker. Throughout the 1995 there has been a gradual increase in the number of part time employed in the banking sector mainly in retail banking sector. Again the general decline in summate employment in the banking sector and the increase in part time employment, are indicators of the banks desire t o improve their operating efficiently.Recent development in the uk financial system.There has been a tremendous change in the uk financial system since the early 1980s. The change that have been taken place can be analysed in a systematic way. This analyse adapted from Llewellyn (19985, 1991), provides a framework for assessing and interpreting the more specific discussion of event in financial market.Some of the main force leading to the modification of any financial system are.Change in the market environment.Change in the portfolio preferences of user of financial intermediation services.Change in the preference of and constraints on the providers of financial intermediation services.The interaction of these forces produces financial innovation, which is essentially the development of new financial instruments and techniques of financial intermediation, and structural change in the financial system with appearance of new financial markets and change in the organisation and behavi our of institutions.Over the postwar period up to the end of the sixties the uk financial system was characterised by strict demarcation between the various types of financial insititusions. So banks provides banking services and building societies provides housing finance services. As a consequence there was also little arguing between the different types of institution. There was also little competition within a particular financial markets as, for example, banks and building societies operated cartels which set interest rates. Similarly within stock markets, restrictive practise, in particular the existence of minimum non negotiable commission, had the effect of reducing competition. In 1971 reform of the banking system, through a package of measure know as competition and credit control, led to the removal of the banking system cartel and greater competition within the industry. However, most of the deregulation of the financial system occurred after 1980, with the aim of intr oducing greater competition, alongside this deregulation there was a parallel trend to thin up the prudential intermediation services. In 1980 controls on banking lending were abandoned, leaving banks excuse to expand into new areas and one areas which was targeted was housing finance. Banks therefore entered into competition with building societies. Which led to building societies abandoning their cartel arrangement, and in 1986 to the building societies act, which relaxed to some extent, the constraints imposed on building societies. contender in uk banking the Cruickshank reportThe terms of reference for the enquiry were to examine innovation, competition and efficient in the retail banking industry in the uk, to see how these compared with international standards and to consider options for change. The enquiry team reported in border district 2000(Cruickshank 2000).The report identifies that banks are treated differently from other industries in many respects, including hig h regulatory barriers to entry and diluted exposure to competition law. This special preaching is likely to be the result of an informal contract between government and banks, designed to deliver confident in the banking system. However the report argues that this special intervention of the industry has allowed banks to escape the rigours of effective competition. This conclusion is supported by reference to the fact that the return on equity for uk banks is well in excess of their embody of capital. The three areas of retail banking investigated in depth were, the payment system services to personal customers (current accounts, saving products, personal loans, mortgages and credit cards) and services to junior-grade and medium-sized businesses (current accounts and external finance).Competition problems were found in each area. However, the report noted that, as a result of new entrants into the market for the supply of services to personal customers, competition is increasing and wrongs should fall in the future. The most severe competition problems were found in the payments services and as the current account is one of the main products provided to retail and small business customers, restrictions in payments services have an impact on other retail banking markets. The uk payments system consists of a series of unregulated networks (such as the bankers automated clearing services and ATM networks) mostly controlled by the main banks. Access to the system is restricted to banks or similar institutions. This clearing creates barriers to entry and therefore stifles innovation and competition. The Cruickshank committee recommended the establishment of a payments system regulator with power to deliver competitory outcomes. The government has instead proposed that the office of fair trading (OFT) be given new power to promote competition in payment system.The Cruickshank reviews also concluded that the supply of banking services to small and medium sized business was less competitive than the supply to personal customers. The market is more concentrated and has higher barriers to entry. As a consequence the government referred the problem to the competition commission. The competition commission affirm that a complex monopoly exists in the supply of banking services to small and medium- sized business(competition commission 2002). It recommended a number of measures to reduce restrictive practices, including allowing small business customer to switch account to other banks quickly and with minimum cost.VSA Banking Structure and RegulationThe central bank and bank supervisory function in the VSA have evolved to create a VS banking and financial structure which, by the late 20th century, was notably different from those in other western countries. Several factors explain its unique structure. First VS regulators have been far more inclined to seek statutory remedies in the event of a new problem, resulting in a plethora of legislati on. Second the safeguard of small depositors has been considered an important objective since the 1930s. Third, concern about potential collusion among banks and between banks and regulators has received as much weight in the VSA as measures were put in place to preserve the stability of the banking system. However, two important financial reforms could result in gradual but major change in the structure of VS banking over the first decade of the new century.The mostPART 21 CALL OPTIONA OPTION that give the HOLDER the right but not the obligation to Buy a stated quantity of the underlying instrument at a specified price on or with in a predetermined period of time.1.1 PuT OPTIONA OPTION that give the HOLDER the right but not the obligation to swop a stated quantity of the underlying instrument at a specified price on or within a predetermined period of time.CALL OPTIONSo= 3.00 X = 3.25Period until maturity = 1 year upwardly price at 1 year = 6.00Downwards price at year = 1.50Risk scanty interest = 5%T= 0 T=1Uso = 6.00So = 3Dso = 1.50 easy lay (uso X, 0) (6-3.25,0) = 2.75Co = scoop shovel (Dso X, 0) (1.50- 3.25 , 0)= 06xY + (1+rf)ZP.Fo = 1x Y+Z1.5x Y+(1+rf)ZCreate a portfolio today by Y(number of shares) in BRIGHT Ventures plc and deposit Z at risk free interest rate for 1 year.Today P.F = 1xY+ZAfter One yearIf the shares price increase 6xY+ (1+rf)Z = 2.75If the shares price decrease 1.5xY+(1+rf)Z=06.0xY+1.05Z=2.751.5xY+1.05Z=04.5Y= 2.75Y= 2.75/4.5Y= 0.611111.50.61111+1.05Z=00.9167+1.05Z=01.05Z= 0.9167Z= -0.9167/1.05Z= 0.873P.F = 1xY+ZP.F = 30.61111+ 0.873P.F= 0.96033PuT OPTIONSo= 3.00 X = 3.25Period until maturity = 1 yearUpwards price at 1 year = 6.00Downwards price at year = 1.50Risk free interest = 5%Uso= 6.00So = 3Dso= 1.50Max (X uso , 0) (3.25- 6, 0)= 0Po=Max (X- dso, 0) (3.25-1.50, 0)= 1.756.0xY+(1+rf)ZP.Fo= 1xY+Z1.5xY+(1+rf)ZCreate a portfolio today by Y(number of shares) in BRIGHT Ventures plc and deposit Z at risk free interest rate for 1 yea r.Today P.F = 1xY+ZAfter One yearIf the shares price increase 6xY+ (1+rf)Z = 0If the shares price decrease 1.5xY+(1+rf)Z= 1.756.0xY+1.05Z=01.5xY+1.05Z=1.754.5Y= 1.75Y= -1.75/4.5Y= 0.38896x 0.3889 + 1.05Z = 0-2.3334 + 1.05Z = 01.05Z= 2.3334Z= 2.3334/ 1.05Z= 2.2223P.F= 1xY+ZP.F = 3x 0.3889 + 2.2223P.F= 1.0556Put-Call-ParityThe Put + underlying Security price = call + P.V XP.VX= exercise price / 1 + rfP.VX= 3.095Put + 3.00 = 0.96033 + 3.095Put + 3.00= 4.05533Put = 4.05533 3.00Put = 1.05533Black scholes ModelCo = SxN (d1) Xert N (d2)d1= ln (S/X)+ (r + v/2)tV td2= d1 -V td1 = ln (3/3.25) + (0.05 + 0.40/2)10.40 1d1= 0.0800+ ( 0.05 + .16/2)10.4d1= 0.0800 + 0.13.04d1= 0.125d2= 0.125 0.4 1d2= 0.275d1= 0.125d2= 0.275N(d1)= Pr Z 0.125 = 0.8944N(d2)= Pr Z - 0.275 = 0.3936Co = SN (d1) Xert N(d2)Co = 3x 0.8944 3.25e0.05 (0.3936)C0 = 2.6832 3.25 x 0.9512 x 0.3936C0 = 2.6832 1.2168Co= 1.4664

Sleep Too Much? Essay -- Biology Essays Research Papers

stay Too Much?As college students, we often complain that we have not gotten enough peace on either given night. We drink copious amounts of caffeine in order to stay awake and finish that paper. Many times, we compensate for a lack of sleep at night by taking naps after (and sometimes during) our classes. This behavior might be recognized as normal by more teenagers and young people. However, many college-aged people suffer from sleep disorders. The most commonly recognized among these is insomnia, or the inability to obtain an adequate amount of sleep. But often overlooked and potentially harmful is hypersomnia. Although we rarely identify it as a negative condition, many of us actually get too much sleep.Hypersomnia is defined as high-spirited daytime sleepiness and/or nighttime sleep. Humans sleep for an average of eight hours a night. Those with hypersomnia may find themselves sleeping for over ten hours at a time. (2) The most common symptoms are napping at inappropriate t imes, difficulty waking up, anxiety, irritability, restlessness and fatigue. Some more serious symptoms may include hallucination, departure of appetite, memory loss, or the inability to hear, see, taste, or smell things accurately. The disorder can have a profound effect on ones ability to cope in social situations. (1) There is a range of possible causes for the condition, but the primary cause is described as abnormalities that occur during sleep or abnormalities of specific sleep functions. (2)Those with hypersomnia are generally diagnosed in one of four categories by a polysomnogram, which monitors a patient during one night of rest. (2)Post-traumatic Hypersomnia is caused by trauma to the central unquiet system, such as a head injury or a tr... ...uch becomes a habit that such behavior can become a womb-to-tomb concern.World Wide Web Sources 1) National Institute of Neurological disorders and Stroke Homepage.,, Information about sleep disorders as related to neurology. http //www.ninds.nih.gov/disorders/hypersomnia/hypersomnia.htm2) Talk About Sleep Idiopathic Hypersomnia, An informational website about sleeping disorders including a forum. http//www.talkaboutsleep.com/idiopathic-hypersomnia/3) Bringing Secrets of the Night to the Light of Day, Idiopathic Hypersomnia , Written by a doctor as a room of helping to identify abnormal sleeping behavior. http//members.tripod.com/sleephealth/5icnsh.html4) The Johns Hopkins Newsletter, science page, an article from Johns Hopkins University about college students and sleep disorders. http//www.jhu.edu/newslett/03-30-00/Science/5.html

Is The Second Sex Beauvoirs Application of Sartrean Existentialism? Es

Is The Second Sex Beauvoirs Application of Sartrean Existentialism?ABSTRACT Simone de Beauvoirs 1949 feminist masterpiece, The Second Sex, has traditionally been read as an application of Sartrean existentialism to the problem of women. Critics have claimed a Sartrean origin for Beauvoirs central theses that under patriarchy woman is the Other, and that one is not born a woman, but becomes one. An analysis of Beauvoirs recently discovered 1927 diary, written while she was a philosophy student at the Sorbonne, two years before her first meeting with Sartre, challenges this interpretation. In this diary, Beauvoir affirms her commitment to doing philosophy, defines the philosophical problem of the opposition of self and other, and explores the links between love and domination. In 1927, she thus lays the foundations of both Sartres phenomenology of interpersonal relationships and of her own thesis, in The Second Sex, that woman is the Other. Her descriptions of the experience of freedo m and choice point to the influence of Bergson, specifically his concepts of becoming and lan vital. Tracing Beauvoirs shift from her apolitical position of 1927 to the feminist mesh topology of The Second Sex points to the influence of the African-American writer, Richard Wright, whose description of the lived experience of oppression of blacks in America, and whose challenge to Marxist reductionism, provide Beauvoir with a model, an analogy, for analyzing womans oppression. Simone de Beauvoirs 1949 feminist masterpiece, The Second Sex, has traditionally been read as Beauvoirs application of the existential philosophy of her companion, Jean-Paul Sartre, to the situation of women. Diane Raymond, in Existentialism and the Philoso... .... In The World of Richard Wright. Jackson, Miss. University Press of Mississippi. pp. 253-55.Fullbrook, Kate and Edward Fullbrook. 1994. Simone de Beauvoir The Remaking of a Twentieth-Century Legend. New York introductory Books.Kruks, Sonia. 1995. I dentity Politics and Dialectical Reason Beyond an Epistemology of Provenance. Hypatia A Journal of Feminist Philosophy 10 (2) 1-22.Myrdal, Gunnar, et.al. 1944. An American Dilemma The Negro Problem and new Democracy. New York Harper. Raymond, Diane. 1991. Existentialism and the Philosophical Tradition. Englewood Cliffs,Sartre, Jean-Paul. 1943 1953. Being and Nothingness. Tr. H. Barnes. NY Simon & Schuster. New Jersey Prentice Hall. Simons, Margaret A. 1983. The Silencing of Simone de Beauvoir Guess Whats Missing from The Second Sex. Womens Studies International Forum 6 (5) 559-564.